Evidence
Lloyd George calls the Indian Civil Service the 'steel frame' of British rule
Source
UK Parliament, Hansard (House of Commons), debate 'Civil Service, India' — https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1922/aug/02/civil-service-india. Matched to the source page by an automated research pass on 6 Oct 2026; not yet checked by a person..
What it proves
Britain saw a small elite cadre as the load-bearing core of imperial rule, the origin of the 'colonial steel frame' charge against Pakistan's bureaucracy.
steel frameindian civil servicecolonial legacylloyd georgebritish rajbureaucracy