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News, tagged to debatesChains and maps30Quotes6Economy, growth and trade86Governance, civil service and public policy83Population, health and human development82Gender and women56+16 more
Climate change and environment50Crime, policing and criminal justice48Pakistan's foreign policy and the region38Education and skills36Technology, AI and the digital economy35Poverty, inequality and social protection28Judiciary, rule of law and accountability27Water security and the Indus26Terrorism, extremism and internal security22World order, UN and great-power politics22Energy20Society, social change and institutions11IMF, debt and fiscal crisis9Democracy, constitution and parliament8Other1China and CPEC1Every card names its figure, period and the body that published it. Source named — not yet verified means the source is on the card but nobody has opened it to check; verify before you cite it in the hall.
Economy, growth and trade
Tax-to-GDP reform target: Government targeted tax-to-GDP ratio to rise from 10.2% to 11% in the fiscal year and toward 13% in coming years (2025-26)Ministry of Finance · 2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Structural-reform output effect: IMF staff analysis estimated comprehensive structural reforms could raise near-term output by up to 3.5% and medium-term output by almost 6% (2026)IMF Pakistan staff report · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Agriculture tax-effort gap: Agriculture accounted for about 24.6% of value added while IMF estimated its effective tax rate at around 0.3% (FY2025 / 2026 IMF analysis)IMF Pakistan staff report · FY2025 / 2026 IMF analysisSource named — not yet verifiedTier 1Agriculture was about 24.6% of value added while its effective tax rate was around 0.3% in the cited IMF assessment. (2026)IMF · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Total tax revenue including provincial taxes and PDL reached 12.3% of GDP in FY2025. (FY2025)IMF · FY2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1IMF/World Bank research identifies roughly 15% of GDP in tax revenue as an important state-capacity reference threshold, (2026)IMF/World Bank · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedTier 13 debatesPakistan's 12.3% FY2025 tax ratio was roughly 2.7 percentage points below the 15% reference threshold. (FY2025)IMF · FY2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1By 2018 about three-quarters of households earned some non-agricultural labour income. (2018)World Bank · 2018Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Much labour shift was into low-productivity construction, trade, transport and other services. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Current-account surplus US$72m during Jul-Mar FY2026. (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Goods exports ~US$22.7bn during Jul-Mar FY2026. (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Goods imports ~US$50.7bn during Jul-Mar FY2026. (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Worker remittances ~US$30.3bn during Jul-Mar FY2026. (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Nine-month remittances were roughly one-third larger than goods exports. (Jul-Mar FY2026)Derived from PES · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedTier 11 debateSBP FX reserves ~US$17.1bn on 15 May 2026; commercial banks another US$5.5bn. (15 May 2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · 15 May 2026Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Pakistan exports-to-GDP declined from historical peak ~16% to below 10% over World Bank study period.World BankSource named — not yet verifiedTier 1Firms about to become exporters were 26% more productive than firms that never exported in World Bank analysis.World BankSource named — not yet verifiedTier 1Systematic exporters were another 21% more productive than latent exporters after controls.World BankSource named — not yet verifiedTier 1Foreign-owned firms were about 46% more productive than comparable domestic firms in cited analysis.World BankSource named — not yet verifiedTier 1Share of listed Pakistani firms exporting fell ~60% to 51% over examined decade.World BankSource named — not yet verifiedTier 1Among exporting listed firms, exports' share of sales fell ~31% to 27%.World BankSource named — not yet verifiedTier 1Current IMF EFF approval: 37-month EFF approved 25 Sep 2024 (2024)IMF · 2024Verified against sourceTier 1Current IMF EFF size: SDR 5.32bn (~US$7bn at approval) (2024)IMF · 2024Verified against sourceTier 1IMF RSF: 28-month RSF, SDR1bn (Approved May 2025)IMF · Approved May 2025Verified against sourceTier 1EFF+RSF cumulative disbursements: ~US$4.8bn (8 May 2026)IMF · 8 May 2026Verified against sourceTier 1Pakistan's first IMF arrangement: SBA, SDR25m; no amount drawn (8 Dec 1958)IMF historical arrangements · 8 Dec 1958Verified against sourceTier 1GDP growth: 3.70% (FY2025-26)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedPer-capita income: US$1,901 (FY2025-26)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verified1 debateFiscal deficit: ~3.6% of GDP (FY2025-26)Pakistan Economic Survey / Finance Division · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verified2 debatesPrimary surplus: ~3.5% of GDP (FY2025-26)Pakistan Economic Survey / Finance Division · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedTax-to-GDP: 12.3% (FY2025)IMF · FY2025Source named — not yet verifiedAgriculture value added: 24.6% of GDP (FY2025)IMF · FY2025Source named — not yet verifiedEffective agriculture tax rate: ~0.3% (FY2025)IMF · FY2025Source named — not yet verifiedDebt-to-GDP: ~68.5% (FY2025-26)Pakistan Economic Survey / Finance Division · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verified3 debatesExternal public debt: US$92.2 billion (End-March 2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · End-March 2026Source named — not yet verified3 debatesRemittances: US$38.3 billion (FY2024-25)Pakistan Economic Survey / Finance Division · FY2024-25Source named — not yet verified1 debateCurrent-account deficit: ~US$0.252 billion (First 10 months FY2025-26)Government reporting · First 10 months FY2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedForeign-exchange reserves: US$17.2 billion (29 May 2026)Government reporting / SBP · 29 May 2026Source named — not yet verifiedGoods exports: US$32.3 billion (FY2024-25)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedGoods imports: US$59.1 billion (FY2024-25)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2024-25Source named — not yet verified3 debatesAgriculture share: 23.44% of GDP (FY2025-26)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedAgriculture growth: 2.89% (FY2025-26)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedLivestock share: 14.64% of GDP (FY2025-26)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verified1 debateLarge-scale manufacturing growth: ~6.1% (FY2025-26)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedServices growth: 4.9% (FY2025-26)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedGDP growth vs LMIC: Pakistan 3.7% real GDP growth; LMIC average 6.0%. (2025)World Bank WDI · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedGDP per capita vs LMIC: Pakistan GDP per capita $1,595.9; LMIC average $2,481.4. (2025)World Bank WDI · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedPoverty at $3/day vs LMIC: Pakistan 23.0%; LMIC 13.1%. (2024)World Bank WDI · 2024Source named — not yet verified1 debateUnemployment vs LMIC: Pakistan modeled unemployment 5.4%; LMIC 4.5%. (2025)World Bank WDI · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedRemittance dependence vs LMIC: Remittances equal 9.9% of Pakistan GDP vs 5.7% for LMIC. (2025)World Bank WDI · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedFDI inflows vs LMIC: Pakistan FDI net inflows 0.5% GDP; LMIC 1.3%. (2025)World Bank WDI · 2025Source named — not yet verified1 debateRemittances growth after formal-channel reforms: Remittances increased 26% year-on-year from FY2024 to FY2025 (FY2024-25)Ministry of Finance · FY2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedInflation decline from peak: Inflation fell from a peak of 38% to single-digit levels (2023-2025/26)Ministry of Finance · 2023-2025/26Source named — not yet verifiedEnergy governance as growth constraint: Finance Minister linked distribution-company governance, tariff rationalisation, private-sector expertise and circular-debt reduction with industrial revival (2025-26)Ministry of Finance · 2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedWorld Bank framework prioritizes stunting, learning poverty, climate resilience, domestic resource mobilization, product (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedIMF programme links reform to reducing excessive regulatory burdens/market distortions and increasing productivity/priva (2026)IMF · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan's FY2025 tax ratio remained below the 25th percentile of peer countries. (FY2025)IMF · FY2025Source named — not yet verifiedFBR priorities include taxpayer audits, digital invoicing, production monitoring and internal governance. (2026)IMF · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedNearly half with legal problems reported hardship; stress-related illness was most frequent. (2017)World Justice Project · 2017Source named — not yet verifiedSaudi share of remittances: ~24% (Jul-Dec FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey / SBP · Jul-Dec FY2026Needs audit1 debateUAE share of remittances: ~20.7% (Jul-Dec FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey / SBP · Jul-Dec FY2026Needs auditGCC share of remittances: ~54% (Jul-Dec FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey / SBP · Jul-Dec FY2026Needs auditPolicy credibility gap: Past reform failures can mute response to new reforms (2025)World Bank CPF · 2025Verified against sourcePakistan appeals a lost dispute after Appellate Body paralysis (DS538): Panel report circulated 18 January 2021; Pakistan notified its decision to appeal to the Appellate Body on 22 February 2021 (2018-2021)WTO, DS538: Pakistan - Anti-Dumping Measures on BOPP Film from the UAE · 2018-2021Source named — not yet verified1 debatePakistan wins textile safeguard case against the US (DS192): Appellate Body upheld that the US safeguard on combed cotton yarn from Pakistan was inconsistent with the ATC; US lifted limit effective 9 November 2001 (2000-2001)WTO, DS192: United States - Transitional Safeguard Measure on Combed Cotton Yarn from Pakistan · 2000-2001Source named — not yet verified1 debatePakistan's bound vs applied tariffs: Simple average final bound 60.9%; MFN applied simple average 9.5% (2025) (2025)WTO, Tariff Profile: Pakistan (World Tariff Profiles data) · 2025Source named — not yet verified3 debatesEffect of EU GSP+ on Pakistan's exports: From 2014 to 2022, Pakistan's exports to the EU increased by 108%; GSP+ status awarded 1 January 2014 (2014-2022)Delegation of the European Union to Pakistan (EEAS), press release 21 Nov 2023 · 2014-2022Source named — not yet verified3 debatesPakistan's share of world merchandise exports: Share in world total exports: 0.12%; merchandise exports US$30,936 million; world rank 69 (2022)WTO, Trade Profiles 2023: Pakistan · 2022Source named — not yet verified2 debatesGDP size: US$452.1 billion (FY2025-26)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan tax-base reform: IMF 2026 review highlights agriculture, textiles, real estate and business services as sectors where value added is large relative to tax collection. (2026)IMF · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedRemittances as share of external support: More than half of remittances were reported as originating from GCC countries (FY2025-26)Ministry of Finance · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verified1 debateIMF FY2027 programme discussions target an underlying primary surplus of 2% of GDP. (FY2027)IMF · FY2027Source named — not yet verifiedExport concentration: Cotton/textile + leather ~50% of exports; rice ~11% (Jul-Apr FY2025)Pakistan Economic Survey · Jul-Apr FY2025Needs auditPublic debt: ~Rs83.285 trillion (end-Mar 2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · end-Mar 2026Needs auditPublic debt composition: Domestic ~Rs57.566tn; external ~Rs25.720tn (end-Mar 2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · end-Mar 2026Needs audit1 debateStabilization vs structural reform: Stabilization prevents crisis; structural reform changes long-run capacity (Pakistan)Synthesis · PakistanNeeds auditPakistan recurrent stabilization cycle: Weak exports/tax/energy + shocks → imbalance → reserves fall → IMF → adjustment → incomplete reform → recurrence (Historical pattern)Synthesis · Historical patternNeeds audit2 debatesIMF commitments vs drawings: Cumulative commitments and drawings differ materially (Historical through 2025)IMF historical arrangements · Historical through 2025Needs auditPakistan 2008 IMF crisis: Reserves ~US$3.4bn (<1 month imports); inflation ~25%; CA deficit 8.4% GDP; fiscal deficit 7.4% (2008)IMF · 2008Needs audit2 debatesPakistan 2013 IMF crisis: Reserves ~US$6bn (~1.4 months imports); large fiscal deficit; tax revenue below 10% GDP (2013)IMF · 2013Needs audit2 debatesPakistan 2019 EFF: ~US$6bn; fiscal/external imbalances and structural reforms (2019)IMF · 2019Needs auditPakistan 2023 SBA: US$3bn, 9 months (2023)IMF · 2023Needs auditIMF as symptom: Repeated IMF programmes reflect recurring fiscal/external imbalances (Pakistan history)Synthesis · Pakistan historyNeeds auditStabilization success ≠ structural success: Reserves/inflation can improve without export/productivity transformation (Pakistan)Synthesis · PakistanNeeds audit1 debateExports/GDP structural decline: ~16% in 1990s → ~10% in 2024 (1990s-2024)World Bank · 1990s-2024Needs auditProductive private investment baseline: 10.2% of GDP (2022 baseline)World Bank CPF · 2022 baselineNeeds audit
Governance, civil service and public policy
Local-government spending fell from about 10% of total government spending in 2005 to under 5% in 2024 after major devol (2005-2024)World Bank · 2005-2024Source named — not yet verifiedTier 11 debateProvincial revenues averaged about 6.5% of GDP during 2010-2024, up from under 4%, while federal expenditures did not de (2010-2024)World Bank · 2010-2024Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1More than 80% of provincial expenditure in FY2023 was recurrent; district allocations often followed historical patterns (FY2023)World Bank · FY2023Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Punjab Cities Program benefited over 4.5m residents in 16 cities; own-source revenues rose from about US$6.22m in 2017-1 (2017-2025)World Bank · 2017-2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1IMF modelling indicates structural reforms could raise output by up to 3.5% near term and almost 6% medium term; these a (2026)IMF · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1All 16 Punjab Cities Program cities adopted rolling development plans; own-source revenues nearly tripled and average pe (2017-2025)World Bank · 2017-2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Pakistan met 5 of 6 structural benchmarks in relevant IMF review, including governance-plan publication and FBR reforms. (2026)IMF · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedTier 11 debateRule of Law Index position: Pakistan ranked 130/143 in WJP Rule of Law Index 2025; score declined 2.3%. (2025)World Justice Project · 2025Source named — not yet verified1 debateGovernment effectiveness governance score: Pakistan government effectiveness score 39.7/100 in 2024 WGI revised methodology. (2024)World Bank WGI · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedRule of law governance score: Pakistan rule-of-law score 39.5/100 in 2024 WGI revised methodology. (2024)World Bank WGI · 2024Source named — not yet verified1 debateControl of corruption governance estimate: Pakistan control-of-corruption estimate -1.07 on WGI’s approx. -2.5 to +2.5 scale in 2024. (2024)World Bank Sovereign ESG/WGI · 2024Source named — not yet verified2 debatesCorruption Perceptions Index: Pakistan scored 28/100 and ranked 136/182 in CPI 2025. (2025)Transparency International · 2025Source named — not yet verified2 debatesPakistan WJP Rule of Law Index rank: 130 of 143 jurisdictions (2025)World Justice Project Rule of Law Index · 2025Source named — not yet verified1 debateOverlapping responsibilities, weak local-government resources and misaligned financing blur accountability across tiers. (2026)World Bank · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedIMF programme links durable growth to governance reform, lower distortions, regulatory reform, productivity and private- (2026)IMF · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedIMF identifies SOE reform/privatization as central to reducing the state's commercial footprint; this is IMF's policy po (2026)IMF · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedAmendments concerning six SOE-specific laws were sent to Parliament; work remained on three others. (2026)IMF · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedIMF governance diagnostic identifies complex/overlapping regulations, discretionary enforcement and limited transparency (2025)IMF · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedIMF diagnostic identifies state ownership/control in important sectors as creating rent-seeking/regulatory-capture vulne (2025)IMF · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedIMF identifies opaque tax systems, weak oversight and customs vulnerabilities as corruption risks. (2025)IMF · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedIMF identifies weak procurement controls, inefficient public investment management and SOE-management problems. (2025)IMF · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedData Governance Policy 2026 listed as draft by MoITT as of June 2026. (2026)MoITT · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedObjectives Resolution: Adopted 12 Mar 1949; later substantive constitutional part via Article 2A (1949/current)Constitutional history · 1949/currentNeeds audit1 debate1956 Constitution: First constitution; parliamentary federal system; abrogated 1958 (1956-58)Constitutional history · 1956-58Needs audit1962 Constitution: Strong presidential system (1962)Constitutional history · 1962Needs audit1 debate1973 Constitution: Federal parliamentary framework (1973-present)Constitution of Pakistan · 1973-presentNeeds audit18th Amendment structural redistribution: Parliamentary authority strengthened; provincial autonomy expanded (2010)Constitution of Pakistan · 2010Needs audit3 debatesLloyd George calls the Indian Civil Service the 'steel frame' of British rule: "They only number 1,200. They are the steel frame of the whole structure." (HC Deb vol 157 c1513) (2 August 1922)UK Parliament, Hansard (House of Commons), debate 'Civil Service, India' · 2 August 1922Source named — not yet verified3 debatesICS cadre carried over into Pakistan as the Civil Service of Pakistan (CSP): "The ICS cadre became the Civil Service of Pakistan (CSP), with minor modifications"; the Indian Police Service became the Police Service of Pakistan (PSP) (1947 onward (study published April 2013))GIZ Support to Good Governance in Pakistan Programme, A Study on the Civil Service Structure, Civil Servants Training and an Overview of NCGR (hosted by Local Government Dept, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) · 1947 onward (study published April 2013)Source named — not yet verified2 debates1973 reforms end the CSP's reserved posts and unify services into 22 pay grades: Administrative Reforms Committee (1972, chaired by Khursheed Hasan Mir) abolished the reservation of key posts for the CSP; unified structure, national pay scales in Grades 1-22 and removal of constitutional guarantees implemented in 1973 (1972-1973 (as recorded in NCGR report, 2008))National Commission for Government Reforms (NCGR), Report on Reforming the Government in Pakistan, Vol. I · 1972-1973 (as recorded in NCGR report, 2008)Source named — not yet verified2 debatesNCGR verdict: 1973 reforms and lateral entry did not achieve their intent: Lateral entry let private-sector individuals be inducted at higher grades; NCGR found the CSP's quasi monopoly was replaced by that of CSS-recruited cadres and lateral entry "was resented by the incumbents" as politically motivated (1973-2008 (NCGR report, 2008))National Commission for Government Reforms (NCGR), Report on Reforming the Government in Pakistan, Vol. I · 1973-2008 (NCGR report, 2008)Source named — not yet verified3 debatesNCGR recommends promotion on performance rather than seniority-cum-fitness: "Career progression should be based on performance on the job, training outcomes, skill upgradation and demonstration of potential, rather than on seniority-cum-fitness criteria." (2008)National Commission for Government Reforms (NCGR), Report on Reforming the Government in Pakistan, Vol. I · 2008Source named — not yet verified2 debatesCivil Servants Act 1973: merit for selection posts, seniority-cum-fitness for others: Section 9(2): promotions to a selection post "on the basis of selection on merit" and to a non-selection post "on the basis of seniority-cum-fitness"; s.9(3): BPS-20 and 21 promotions on recommendations of a Selection Board headed by the Chairman, FPSC (Act No. LXXI of 1973 (26 September 1973), as amended)Ministry of Law and Justice, Pakistan Code: The Civil Servants Act, 1973 · Act No. LXXI of 1973 (26 September 1973), as amendedSource named — not yet verified1 debatePromotion rules weight PERs 40%, training reports 30%, Selection Board 30%: Quantification of PERs 40%; Training Evaluation Reports (TERs) 30%; Evaluation by CSB and DSB 30%; minimum efficiency index BS-18 60, BS-19 65, BS-20 70, BS-21 75 (Civil Servants Promotion (BPS-18 to BPS-21) Rules, 2019 (updated to SRO of 12.11.2024))Establishment Division, Government of Pakistan · Civil Servants Promotion (BPS-18 to BPS-21) Rules, 2019 (updated to SRO of 12.11.2024)Source named — not yet verifiedDirectory Retirement Rules 2020 introduced, then repealed in 2022: Civil Servants (Directory Retirement from Service) Rules, 2020 notified by S.R.O. 320(I)/2020 (15 April 2020); repealed by S.R.O. 698(I)/2022 (30 May 2022), with all actions taken under them "recalled" (2020-2022)Establishment Division, Government of Pakistan (Gazette notifications) · 2020-2022Source named — not yet verified3 debatesCSS 2022: share of appeared candidates passing the written exam: 20262 appeared; 393 qualified in written (1.94%); 374 finally qualified (1.85%); 224 of 463 vacancies (48%) carried forward (CSS Competitive Examination 2022 (final result 9 June 2023))Federal Public Service Commission, Annual Report 2023 · CSS Competitive Examination 2022 (final result 9 June 2023)Source named — not yet verified1 debateCSS 2023: written-exam pass rate: 13008 appeared; 401 passed; 3.06% (CSS Competitive Examination 2023 (Regular), written result 18.09.2023)Federal Public Service Commission, Annual Report 2023 · CSS Competitive Examination 2023 (Regular), written result 18.09.2023Source named — not yet verified1 debateSize of federal government civil workforce and share in BPS 1-16: Sanctioned strength 710808, actual working strength 590585 civil employees; 95.43% in basic scales 1-16 and 4.57% in basic scales 17-22 (2022-23)Pakistan Public Administration Research Centre, Establishment Division, Annual Statistical Bulletin of Federal Government Employees 2022-23 · 2022-23Source named — not yet verifiedFederal budget: running of civil government versus pensions: Running of Civil Government Rs 971 billion; Pension Rs 1,055 billion (of which Civil Rs 243,000 million) (Budget Estimates FY2025-26)Finance Division, Government of Pakistan, Budget in Brief 2025-26 · Budget Estimates FY2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedWeber's ideal-type bureaucracy: rule-bound, impersonal, hierarchical: Max Weber (1864-1920): bureaucracy in its ideal form "is impersonal and rational and based on rules rather than ties of kinship, friendship, or patrimonial or charismatic authority"; the most technically proficient form of organization (Theory of the early 20th century)Encyclopaedia Britannica, 'Bureaucracy' · Theory of the early 20th centurySource named — not yet verified3 debatesNew Public Management: 1980s shift from rules to results and markets: From the 1980s a reform process known as managerialism or new public management took shape, centred on private management tools, performance indicators, quality standards and market mechanisms for public services (1980s onward (paper published 2013))Chipea and Banciu, 'Bureaucracy versus New Administrative Management', University of Oradea · 1980s onward (paper published 2013)Source named — not yet verified1 debateCPI score: 28/100 (2025)Transparency International · 2025Source named — not yet verified1 debateCPI rank: 136/182 (2025)Transparency International · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedFreedom score: 32/100; Partly Free (2026)Freedom House · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan economic stabilization: Inflation down; current account near balance; reserves rebuilt; growth restored (2022-26)IMF / Pakistan · 2022-26Source named — not yet verified2 debatesStructural reform: “Advancing and deepening structural reforms is essential to generate sustainable economic growth.” (2026)IMF · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedImplementation gap: “Pakistan has long understood the ‘what’ and ‘why’ of economic reforms, but the core challenge lies in the ‘how’.” (2026)Government of Pakistan · 2026Source named — not yet verified1 debateIMF structural reform output estimate: Cross-country evidence cited by IMF indicates a comprehensive structural reform package could boost near-term output by up to 3.5% and medium-term output by almost 6%. (2026)IMF Staff Report · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedTax revenue ratio: Tax revenue including provincial taxes and petroleum levy reached 12.3% of GDP in FY2025. (FY2025)IMF · FY2025Source named — not yet verifiedAgriculture effective tax rate: Agriculture contributed 24.6% of value added while its estimated effective tax rate was about 0.3%. (2025/26 IMF analysis)IMF · 2025/26 IMF analysisSource named — not yet verifiedGST C-efficiency decline: Pakistan’s GST C-efficiency ratio declined from 27.4% to 22.8% over roughly a decade. (2015-2025)IMF · 2015-2025Source named — not yet verifiedGST theoretical base coverage: IMF analysis says barely one-quarter of Pakistan’s theoretical GST base is taxed. (2026)IMF · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedFBR audit reform: By March 2026, FBR had introduced a new audit workflow in which audit cases are identified through a Compliance Risk Management system; more than 150 officers had been trained. (March 2026)IMF · March 2026Source named — not yet verifiedDigital public asset declarations: IMF program required high-level public officials’ asset declarations to be digitally filed and publicly accessible, with safeguards for private information; the benchmark was reported as met. (2025)IMF · 2025Source named — not yet verified1 debateSOE reform rationale: IMF identifies SOE reform as a way to reduce fiscal liabilities and the state’s role in commercial enterprises while improving service delivery. (2026)IMF · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedRegulatory burden: IMF identifies excessive regulatory burdens and market distortions as constraints that reforms should address to support private-sector development. (2026)IMF · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedState footprint: IMF’s 2026 Pakistan review places reducing the state footprint among core structural priorities. (2026)IMF · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan CPI score: Pakistan scored 28/100 and ranked 136th of 182 countries in the 2025 Corruption Perceptions Index. (2025 index)Transparency International · 2025 indexSource named — not yet verified2 debatesGlobal CPI average: The global average CPI score fell to 42 in 2025; 122 of 182 countries scored below 50. (2025)Transparency International · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedCivic space and corruption: Transparency International reported that 36 of the 50 biggest CPI decliners had restricted civic freedoms. (2025)Transparency International · 2025Source named — not yet verified2 debatesPakistan public-service bribery experience: Transparency International’s Pakistan page reports 25% of public service users paid a bribe in the previous 12 months, based on the most recent GCB Asia-Pacific publication cited there. (GCB Asia-Pacific 2017 (latest cited))Transparency International · GCB Asia-Pacific 2017 (latest cited)Source named — not yet verified2 debatesIMF on structural reform: “Advancing and deepening structural reforms is the only way to sustainably boost longterm growth.” (2026)IMF Staff Report · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedIMF on governance and business: “Deeper structural reforms are urgently needed to improve governance, reduce the footprint of the state, and improve the business environment.” (2026)IMF Staff Report · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedPolitical stability governance estimate: Pakistan political-stability estimate -2.06 in 2024 on WGI approx. -2.5 to +2.5 scale. (2024)World Bank Sovereign ESG/WGI · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedGlobal rule-of-law deterioration: 68% of countries declined in rule of law in 2025 (2025)World Justice Project · 2025Source named — not yet verified1 debateJudicial independence trend: WJP reported indicators for whether judiciaries limit executive power declined in 61% of countries in 2025 (2025)World Justice Project · 2025Source named — not yet verified3 debatesCivil justice deterioration globally: Civil justice weakened in 68% of countries in the WJP 2025 index (2025)World Justice Project · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedArticle 140A local government: Political, administrative and financial responsibility and authority devolved to elected local representatives (Current Constitution)Constitution of Pakistan · Current ConstitutionNeeds audit7th NFC provincial share: 57.5% from FY2011-12 onward (7th NFC)Finance Division · 7th NFCNeeds audit1 debate7th NFC horizontal formula: Population 82%; poverty/backwardness 10.3%; revenue 5%; inverse density 2.7% (7th NFC)Finance Division · 7th NFCNeeds auditArticle 160(3A) provincial-share protection: Provincial share cannot be less than previous Award (Current Constitution)Constitution of Pakistan · Current ConstitutionNeeds audit26th Amendment constitutional benches: Constitutional Benches established in Supreme Court (2024)Constitution of Pakistan · 2024Needs audit2 debates27th Amendment Federal Constitutional Court: Separate Federal Constitutional Court created (2025)Constitution of Pakistan · 2025Needs audit1 debateConstitutionalism: Limits on power + checks + due process + rights + predictable law + accountability (Concept)Constitutional theory · ConceptNeeds auditCCI composition under Article 153: PM + provincial chief ministers + three federal government members (Current Constitution)Constitution of Pakistan · Current ConstitutionNeeds auditCCI role under Article 154: Policy formulation/regulation for Part II Federal Legislative List and supervision/control of related institutions (Current Constitution)Constitution of Pakistan · Current ConstitutionNeeds audit1 debateNational Economic Council Article 156: Reviews economic condition and formulates plans with balanced development/regional equity (Current Constitution)Constitution of Pakistan · Current ConstitutionNeeds auditWeberian bureaucracy applied to Pakistan: Rule-bound, professional, predictable administration vs discretionary enforcement (Pakistan application)Theory + IMF governance evidence · Pakistan applicationNeeds audit1 debatePSDP pipeline rationalization: ~Rs2.5tn / ~25% pipeline streamlined (Recent reform)IMF programme reporting · Recent reformNeeds audit1 debatePrincipal-Agent Theory applied to Pakistan: Delegation + information asymmetry + monitoring difficulty (Pakistan application)Theory · Pakistan applicationNeeds audit2 debatese-PADS procurement digitization: Expansion of electronic procurement and beneficial-ownership transparency (Current reform)IMF / PPRA · Current reformNeeds auditAudit without follow-up: Auditor-General recommendations often fail to produce corrective action (2025 diagnostic)IMF Governance Diagnostic · 2025 diagnosticNeeds auditGood governance operationalized: Rule of law; accountability; transparency; participation; effectiveness; responsiveness; equity (Pakistan application)Framework · Pakistan applicationNeeds audit3 debates
Population, health and human development
Female labour-force participation (19th ICLS): 22.7% (2024-25)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Labour Force Survey 2024-25 · 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Nearly 40% of children under five are stunted. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1304,000 children treated for severe acute malnutrition in 2025. (2025)UNICEF · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 137.3m children received vitamin A supplements in 2025. (2025)UNICEF · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1865,000 people gained durable basic safe-water access through UNICEF-supported interventions. (2025)UNICEF · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1NIPS estimate: population 252.09m in 2025; growth 2.07% annually. (2025)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 156.9% of population is aged 15-64. (2025)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Ages 15-29 constitute 26.56% of population. (2025)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Working-age population rose from ~159.8m in 2020-21 to 179.6m in 2024-25. (2020-21 to 2024-25)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2020-21 to 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Labour force rose from ~71.8m to 83.1m between 2020-21 and 2024-25. (2020-21 to 2024-25)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2020-21 to 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Employment rose ~67.25m to 77.2m, while unemployment rose 4.51m to 5.9m. (2020-21 to 2024-25)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2020-21 to 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Unemployment rose from 6.3% to 7.1%. (2020-21 to 2024-25)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2020-21 to 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Around 37% of Pakistanis aged 15-24 were NEET in World Bank poverty-assessment evidence. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1More than 85% of employment is informal; over 95% among the poorest population in assessment. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Officially ~61% rural in 2023, but satellite Degree-of-Urbanisation analysis suggested 88% lived in places physically re (2023)World Bank · 2023Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1World Bank characterizes parts of Pakistan's urbanization as 'sterile agglomeration'. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Only around 17% of households had piped water inside the home in underlying assessment evidence. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Only around half of households had safely managed drinking water; 31% lacked safe sanitation in referenced baseline. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Air pollution can reduce life expectancy by 3-5 years in some of the region's most polluted areas. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1~88% of women in reported indicators received prenatal consultation. (2026)Government of Pakistan · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1~86% received tetanus vaccination. (2026)Government of Pakistan · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1~84% of births attended by skilled health professionals. (2026)Government of Pakistan · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Postnatal care reached only ~44%. (2026)Government of Pakistan · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Life expectancy: 67.8 years (2024)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedInfant mortality: 47 per 1,000 live births (2024-25)Pakistan Economic Survey / PSLM · 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedPublic health expenditure: 0.8% of GDP (FY2025)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025Source named — not yet verified1 debateUnder-five stunting: 40.0% (NNS 2018 / current UNICEF reference)UNICEF Pakistan · NNS 2018 / current UNICEF referenceSource named — not yet verifiedChildren with stunting: Nearly 10 million (Current UNICEF estimate)UNICEF Pakistan · Current UNICEF estimateSource named — not yet verified1 debatePopulation: 255.2 million (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedPopulation growth: 1.6% (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedWorking-age population: 179.6 million (2024-25)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics / Economic Survey · 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedLabour force: 83.1 million (2024-25)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics · 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedLife expectancy vs LMIC: Pakistan 68 years; LMIC 70 years. (2024)World Bank WDI · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedPopulation growth vs LMIC: Pakistan 1.6% annual population growth; LMIC 1.3%. (2025)World Bank WDI · 2025Source named — not yet verified1 debateStunting prevalence: Nearly 40% of Pakistani children suffer from stunting according to World Bank assessment. (2025)World Bank Pakistan Development Update · 2025Source named — not yet verified2 debatesLabour-force participation gap narrowed only modestly: Female participation rose from 21.4% to 24.4% under the 13th ICLS between 2020-21 and 2024-25 (2020-21 to 2024-25)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Labour Force Survey 2024-25 · 2020-21 to 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedLabour force added annually: About 3.5 million people per year were added to the labour force between 2020-21 and 2024-25 (2020-21 to 2024-25)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Labour Force Survey 2024-25 · 2020-21 to 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan population estimate: 252.09 million (2025)Pakistan Economic Survey 2025-26 / NIPS · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedPopulation growth rate (NIPS estimate): 2.07% (2025)Pakistan Economic Survey 2025-26 / NIPS · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedOverseas employment registrations: 762,499 workers registered for overseas employment (2025)Pakistan Economic Survey 2025-26 / BE&OE · 2025Source named — not yet verified1 debateRegistered Afghan refugees in Pakistan: 777,986 (30 June 2026)UNHCR · 30 June 2026Source named — not yet verified2 debatesPublic health expenditure: 0.8% of GDP (FY2025)Pakistan Economic Survey 2025-26 · FY2025Source named — not yet verified1 debateInfant mortality: 47 deaths per 1,000 live births (2024-25)Pakistan Economic Survey 2025-26 / PSLM · 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan Human Capital Index: 0.41 (World Bank referenced measure)World Bank · World Bank referenced measureNeeds auditShare of population aged 65 and above (Census 2023): 3.55% of the total population (2023)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, National Census Report: 7th Population and Housing Census 2023 · 2023Source named — not yet verifiedTotal fertility rate, Pakistan (PDHS 2017-18): 3.6 births per woman (urban 2.9, rural 3.9) (2017-18)NIPS and ICF, Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-18 · 2017-18Source named — not yet verifiedProjected rise in elderly population 65+, 2023-2050 (NIPS): 65+ population will rise from 8.6 million to 22.6 million; under-30 share falls from about 67% to 54% (2023-2050 projection)National Institute of Population Studies, National and Provincial Level Population Projections (2023-2050) · 2023-2050 projectionSource named — not yet verifiedExclusive breastfeeding: 38% (Current UNICEF reference)UNICEF Pakistan · Current UNICEF referenceSource named — not yet verifiedUnemployment rate: 7.1% (2024-25)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics · 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedLabour-force participation: 46.3% (2024-25)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics · 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedPublic health spending: Public health expenditure was about 0.8% of GDP. (FY2025)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025Source named — not yet verifiedLife expectancy (2024)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2024Source named — not yet verified1 debateInfant mortality (2024-25)Pakistan PSLM / Economic Survey · 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedHospitals and BHUs: Pakistan had about 1,934 hospitals and 5,746 basic health units (provisional). (2025)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedGlobal health inequity: WHO reports life-expectancy gaps between countries can be as wide as 33 years. (2025)WHO · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedHealth shocks and poverty: WHO reports that health shocks and stresses currently push around 100 million people into poverty every year. (2025)WHO · 2025Source named — not yet verified1 debateOut-of-pocket burden: WHO reports over 930 million people globally spend at least 10% of household budgets on health care. (2025)WHO · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedWorking-age population (2020-21 to 2024-25)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2020-21 to 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedLabour force (2020-21 to 2024-25)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2020-21 to 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedEmployment: Employed population was 77.2 million in FY2024-25, up from 67.25 million in 2020-21. (2020-21 to 2024-25)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2020-21 to 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedUnemployment rate: Unemployment was 7.1% in FY2024-25, compared with 6.3% in 2020-21. (2020-21 to 2024-25)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2020-21 to 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedLabour-force participation (2020-21 to 2024-25)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2020-21 to 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedAgriculture employment share: Agriculture’s share of employment fell from 37.4% to 33.1% in the cited period. (2020-21 to 2024-25)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2020-21 to 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan population: World Bank reports Pakistan’s population at about 255.2 million in 2025. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedPopulation growth: Pakistan’s population growth rate was about 1.6% in 2025. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedLife expectancy global context: WHO notes that differences in life expectancy between countries can reach 33 years. (2025)WHO · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedGlobal international migrants: WHO estimates 304 million international migrants in 2024, roughly double the 154 million in 1990. (2024)WHO · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedGlobal forced displacement: WHO estimates 117.3 million forcibly displaced people, including 73.5m IDPs, 36.4m refugees and 8.4m asylum seekers. (2024/26 estimate)WHO · 2024/26 estimateSource named — not yet verifiedGlobal migrants on the move: WHO describes more than one billion people—about one in eight globally—as being on the move when refugees and migrants are considered together. (2026)WHO · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedMigrant deaths: UN SDG reporting recorded at least 7,900 migrant deaths or disappearances in 2025, down from 9,197 in 2024; underreporting remains possible. (2025)UN SDG Report 2026 · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedWHO on health inequity: “Health inequities will not be overcome unless economic inequality, structural discrimination, conflict and climate disruption are addressed.” (2025)WHO · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedMale labour-force participation (19th ICLS): 68.7% (2024-25)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Labour Force Survey 2024-25 · 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedAbout 616,600 returns to Afghanistan from Pakistan recorded by 18 July 2026. (2026)UNHCR · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedMore than 1.019m regional returns to Afghanistan recorded by 18 July 2026. (2026)UNHCR · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan accounted for roughly 60.5% of recorded 2026 regional returns at that point. (2026)UNHCR · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedPunjab clean-air programme combines air-quality management with public-health objectives. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedWorld Bank six-outcome Pakistan framework: Stunting; learning poverty; climate resilience; public resources; private investment; human capital (FY2026-35)World Bank · FY2026-35Verified against source2023 Census population: 241.49 million (2023)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics · 2023Needs auditTotal fertility rate: 3.6 children per woman (2024-25)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics · 2024-25Needs auditContraceptive prevalence: 38% (2024-25)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics · 2024-25Needs audit1 debateConditional demographic dividend: Youth/working-age structure + weak jobs/human capital (Current)Synthesis · CurrentNeeds audit1 debatePopulation source discipline: Census 241.49m (2023); NIPS 252.09m (2025); WB different estimate/method (2023-25)PBS/NIPS/World Bank · 2023-25Needs audit
Gender and women
Women in Pakistan earn about 25% less per hour than men in the ILO analysis. (2025)ILO · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1117.4m people in Pakistan engage in unpaid care/domestic work, including 66.7m women. (2025)ILO · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Globally, 708m women were outside the labour force because of unpaid care responsibilities in 2023. (2023)ILO · 2023Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1UN Women reports 77.8% on the SDG gender legal-framework indicator; women held 20.47% of parliamentary seats and 5.71% o (2024)UN Women · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Women aged 10+ spend 19.86% of time on unpaid domestic/care work versus 1.81% for men.UN WomenSource named — not yet verifiedTier 1Gender Inequality Index 0.536; rank 145/172. (2025)UNDP · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Gender Development Index 0.838. (2025)UNDP · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1729,000 accessed climate-resilient learning/skills; 51% girls. (2025)UNICEF · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 11m women supported through expansion of digital wallets. (2025)UNICEF · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 114.5% of ever-partnered women/girls 15-49 experienced physical/sexual IPV in previous 12 months in underlying survey evi (survey evidence)UNFPA · survey evidenceSource named — not yet verifiedTier 118.3% of women 20-24 were married/in union before age 18.UNFPASource named — not yet verifiedTier 1Among young women 15-19 in cited evidence, only about 1 in 10 had say over healthcare, major purchases and visits to relUNFPASource named — not yet verifiedTier 140,088 law-enforcement personnel trained to respond to VAWG under cited 2021-22 initiatives. (2021-22)UN Women · 2021-22Source named — not yet verifiedTier 161,097 women recorded as accessing police services in latest administrative figure shown by UN Women; detailed underlyinUN WomenSource named — not yet verifiedTier 1UN Women reports 37m active women-owned bank accounts in Pakistan 2025 results. (2025)UN Women · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Government analysis links female education with improved maternal/public-health outcomes. (2026)Government of Pakistan · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Women’s unpaid care burden: Women and girls aged 10+ spend 19.9% of their time on unpaid care/domestic work versus 1.8% for men. (Latest UN Women country data)UN Women Data Hub · Latest UN Women country dataSource named — not yet verifiedWomen in parliament: 20.5% of parliamentary seats were held by women as of February 2024. (Feb 2024)UN Women Data Hub · Feb 2024Source named — not yet verifiedIntimate partner violence: 24.5% of ever-married women aged 15–49 experienced lifetime physical and/or sexual intimate-partner violence; 14.5% in previous 12 months. (2017-18 survey)UN Women / Pakistan DHS · 2017-18 surveySource named — not yet verifiedChild marriage: 18.3% of women aged 20–24 were married/in union before age 18. (Latest UN Women country data)UN Women Data Hub · Latest UN Women country dataSource named — not yet verifiedWomen in national parliament: 20.47% (Latest UN Women country data / Feb 2024)UN Women Data Hub · Latest UN Women country data / Feb 2024Source named — not yet verifiedWomen in managerial positions: 5.71% (Latest UN Women country data)UN Women Data Hub · Latest UN Women country dataSource named — not yet verifiedUnpaid care burden: Women aged 10+ spend 19.86% of time on unpaid domestic/care work vs 1.81% for men (Latest available UN Women data)UN Women Data Hub · Latest available UN Women dataSource named — not yet verifiedChild marriage: 18.3% of women aged 20-24 were married/in union before age 18 (Latest UN Women data)UN Women Data Hub · Latest UN Women dataSource named — not yet verifiedRecent intimate-partner violence: 16.2% of women aged 15-49 reported physical and/or sexual violence by a current/former intimate partner in previous 12 months in the cited 2018 data (2018)UN Women Data Hub · 2018Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan launched a gender pay-gap report and National Action Plan for Equal Pay in 2025. (2025)ILO · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedILO identifies discrimination, weak labour-law compliance and informal employment among barriers behind gender pay inequ (2025)ILO · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedGirls married early are less likely to complete schooling and face greater domestic-violence and health risks.UNFPASource named — not yet verifiedUNFPA identifies weak implementation and response mechanisms despite pro-women legal frameworks.UNFPASource named — not yet verifiedUNFPA identifies discriminatory gender/social norms as contributing to weak support structures and impunity.UNFPASource named — not yet verifiedPakistan's accession to CEDAW, with a constitutional declaration: Accession 12 March 1996; declaration: accession "is subject to the provisions of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan"; reservation on article 29(1); Austria objected to the declaration on 5 June 1997 (12 March 1996)UN Treaty Collection, Status of Treaties, Chapter IV-8 (CEDAW) · 12 March 1996Source named — not yet verifiedOffence of Zina (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance promulgated: Ordinance No. VII of 1979, [10th February, 1979]; its section 6 (Zina-bil-Jabr) was later omitted by Act VI of 2006 (10 February 1979)Pakistan Code, Ministry of Law and Justice · 10 February 1979Source named — not yet verified1 debateProtection of Women (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act enacted: Act No. VI of 2006; received assent of the President of Pakistan on 1st December, 2006; amends the PPC, CrPC, Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act 1939 and the Zina and Qazf Ordinances 1979 (1 December 2006)Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Commission on the Status of Women, Compendium of Pro-Women Laws · 1 December 2006Source named — not yet verifiedProtection against Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act passed: Act IV of 2010, [6th March, 2010]; extends to the whole of Pakistan (6 March 2010)Pakistan Code, Ministry of Law and Justice · 6 March 2010Source named — not yet verifiedPunjab Protection of Women against Violence Act: scope and GPS tracking: Covers "sexual, psychological, economic, stalking and cybercrime"; section 7(d) permits a GPS ankle or wrist tracker on the abuser (2016)Shaikh Ahmad Hassan School of Law, LUMS, Legislative Review · 2016Source named — not yet verifiedWomen's reserved seats in the National Assembly, Article 51: 60 women seats out of 326 provincial/federal-capital seats; 336 seats in total including 10 for non-Muslims (Constitution as amended (25th Amendment, 2018))Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Article 51 (Pakistan Code) · Constitution as amended (25th Amendment, 2018)Source named — not yet verified1 debateMeeting that decided to form the Women's Action Forum: Conducted on September 16, 1981, in Lahore; first conviction under the Hudood Ordinances sparked WAF's formation (16 September 1981)Women's History Archive and Learning Centre, LUMS (Herstory) · 16 September 1981Source named — not yet verified1 debateBenazir Bhutto becomes prime minister: Became first female prime minister on December 1, 1988; "the first woman leader of a Muslim nation in modern history" (1 December 1988)Encyclopaedia Britannica, 'Benazir Bhutto' · 1 December 1988Source named — not yet verifiedFatima Jinnah leads united opposition against Ayub Khan: Ayub Khan reelected in 1965 "against a strong challenge from an opposition united behind Fatima Jinnah" (1965)Encyclopaedia Britannica, 'Mohammed Ayub Khan' · 1965Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan's rank in the WEF Global Gender Gap Index: 143rd of 145 economies; score 59.5% (up +2.8 percentage points; 54.3% in 2006) (2026)World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report 2026 · 2026Source named — not yet verified1 debatePakistan's economic vs educational gender parity, WEF: Economic Participation and Opportunity 36.4% (144th); Educational Attainment 91.7% (record high); labour-force participation parity 34.6% (2026)World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report 2026 · 2026Source named — not yet verified1 debateBritannica definition of feminism and its origins: "the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes"; "largely originating in the West, feminism is manifested worldwide" (Article revised 9 Sep 2026)Encyclopaedia Britannica, 'Feminism' (Elinor Burkett, Britannica Editors) · Article revised 9 Sep 2026Source named — not yet verifiedThird wave of feminism dated and characterised: "The third wave of feminism emerged in the mid-1990s"; it "was much more inclusive of women and girls of color than the first or second waves had been" (mid-1990s)Encyclopaedia Britannica, 'Feminism': The third wave of feminism · mid-1990sSource named — not yet verifiedMargot Badran's definition of Islamic feminism: "Islamic feminism is an affirmation of the rights Islam gave to women as human beings and an affirmation of the gender equality and social justice embedded in the Qur'an" (Margot Badran, interview) (Spring/Summer 2005)Al-Raida (Lebanese American University, Institute for Women's Studies in the Arab World), Vol. XXII, Nos. 109-110 · Spring/Summer 2005Source named — not yet verifiedWEF Gender Gap score: 56.7% parity (2025)World Economic Forum · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedWEF ranking: 148/148 (2025)World Economic Forum · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedFemale voter registration gap: 7.4% (Dec 2024)Election Commission of Pakistan · Dec 2024Source named — not yet verified2022 Pakistan floods: 33m affected; >8m displaced; >US$30bn damages/losses (2022)World Bank · 2022Source named — not yet verifiedWEF gender-gap score: Pakistan’s Global Gender Gap score was 56.7%, ranking 148th of 148 in the 2025 WEF index. (2025)World Economic Forum · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedWEF educational parity: Pakistan’s educational-attainment parity score was 85.1% in the 2025 WEF index. (2025)World Economic Forum · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedEconomic participation trend: WEF reported Pakistan’s economic participation and opportunity score declined by 1.3 percentage points in its 2025 index. (2025)World Economic Forum · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedAdolescent birth rate: 41 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19. (2021)UN Women Data Hub · 2021Source named — not yet verified1 debateGender legal-framework implementation: 77.8% of the relevant SDG legal-framework indicator was in place (Latest UN Women country data)UN Women Data Hub · Latest UN Women country dataSource named — not yet verifiedGender-based-violence policy gap: UN Women reported no national action plan on violence against women/girls in force in its country snapshot; draft policy awaited approval as of June 2025 (June 2025)UN Women country snapshot · June 2025Source named — not yet verifiedGBV-trained law-enforcement personnel: 40,088 law-enforcement professionals trained to respond to violence against women/girls under the cited programmes (2021-2022)UN Women Pakistan country snapshot · 2021-2022Source named — not yet verifiedUNFPA identifies technology-facilitated GBV risks particularly for women/girls and public-facing journalists, politician (2025)UNFPA · 2025Source named — not yet verified
Climate change and environment
Safely managed drinking water: 45.0% of population (2024)UN SDG Pakistan profile · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Safely treated domestic wastewater: 38.1% (2022)UN SDG Pakistan profile · 2022Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Freshwater withdrawals relative to available resources: 98.1% (2023)UN SDG Pakistan profile · 2023Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Under a 3°C warming scenario, Pakistan's water demand could rise by more than 50% by 2047 while supply remains relativel (Projection to 2047)World Bank · Projection to 2047Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1World Bank estimates 2022 floods pushed another 13m Pakistanis into poverty. (2022)World Bank · 2022Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1World Bank estimates combined climate risks, environmental degradation and air pollution could reduce GDP by at least 18 (to 2050)World Bank · to 2050Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Pakistan CCDR calls for fundamental shifts toward people-centred climate adaptation/resilience. (2022)World Bank · 2022Source named — not yet verifiedTier 12022 floods caused US$30bn+ damages/economic losses, killed 1,700+ and displaced 8m+. (2022)World Bank · 2022Source named — not yet verifiedTier 12025 was Pakistan's second-warmest year in 65 years; average temperature 23.9°C. (2025)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 12025 average rainfall ~3% below normal despite severe flooding episodes. (2025)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 12025 monsoon followed intense heat and rainfall reached ~50% above monsoon averages, with larger local deviations. (2025)Government of Pakistan · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Climate and Disaster Resilience Enhancement Programme Subprogram-II allocation US$500m. (2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Pakistan issued a Green Taxonomy and launched climate-investment planning instruments. (2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1PM2.5 in Indo-Gangetic Plains/Himalayan foothills can exceed WHO safe level by 20x+. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Air pollution across the airshed is transboundary. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Punjab clean-air programme addresses transport, agriculture, industry, energy and municipal services. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 11 debateWorld Bank approved US$300m for Punjab clean-air programme in 2025. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1CAREC investment includes climate-resilient N55 sections and stronger NHA disaster-risk capacity.ADBSource named — not yet verifiedTier 1Forest area vs LMIC: Pakistan forest area 4.7% of land; LMIC average 30.2%. (2023)World Bank WDI · 2023Source named — not yet verifiedCO2 emissions per capita vs LMIC: Pakistan 0.8 tCO2e/person vs LMIC 1.6. (2024)World Bank WDI · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedAccess to electricity: 95.7% of population had electricity access. (2024)World Bank WDI · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedFreshwater withdrawal pressure: Annual freshwater withdrawals equal 326% of internal freshwater resources in the cited World Bank ESG series. (2022)World Bank Sovereign ESG Data Portal · 2022Source named — not yet verifiedAgriculture share of GDP: Agriculture, forestry and fishing represented 23.74% of GDP in 2024. (2024)World Bank Sovereign ESG Data Portal · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedForest area: 4.7% of land area (Latest World Bank country data)World Bank · Latest World Bank country dataSource named — not yet verifiedPakistan 2025 flood affected population: About 6.5 million people affected across 70 districts in the cited national assessment (2025)Pakistan Economic Survey 2025-26 / flood assessment · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedIMF climate programme includes disaster-risk financing, climate-sensitive budgeting/investment, water resilience and cli (2026)IMF · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan NDC 3.0 mitigation target: 50% below projected 2035 reference trajectory (2035 target)UNFCCC / Pakistan NDC · 2035 targetNeeds auditNDC unconditional component: 17 percentage points (2035 target)UNFCCC / Pakistan NDC · 2035 targetNeeds auditNDC conditional component: 33 percentage points conditional on international finance/technology/capacity (2035 target)UNFCCC / Pakistan NDC · 2035 targetNeeds auditNDC investment requirement: ~US$565.7bn (to 2035)UNFCCC / Pakistan NDC · to 2035Needs auditClimate baseline discipline: Emissions-reduction percentage must specify reference baseline (Methodology)UNFCCC · MethodologyNeeds audit2022 flood affected population: 33 million (2022)World Bank PDNA · 2022Source named — not yet verified2022 flood displaced: >8 million (2022)World Bank · 2022Source named — not yet verified2022 flood damages/losses: >$30 billion (2022)World Bank · 2022Source named — not yet verified2025 floods affected: ~6.9 million (2025)Pakistan Economic Survey / EM-DAT · 2025Source named — not yet verified2025 flood damages: ~US$3.0 billion (2025)EM-DAT / Pakistan Economic Survey · 2025Source named — not yet verified2022 floods affected people: The 2022 floods affected about 33 million people and displaced more than 8 million. (2022)World Bank · 2022Source named — not yet verified1 debate2022 flood damages and losses: World Bank/PDNA estimated more than US$30 billion in damages and economic losses from the 2022 floods. (2022)World Bank / PDNA · 2022Source named — not yet verified2022 flood poverty effect: World Bank estimated the floods could increase poverty by 3.7–4.0 percentage points, adding 8.4–9.1 million people to poverty. (2022 estimate)World Bank · 2022 estimateSource named — not yet verified1 debateWHO climate mortality estimate: WHO conservatively projects around 250,000 additional deaths per year in the 2030s from selected climate-sensitive causes. (2030s projection)WHO · 2030s projectionSource named — not yet verifiedClimate-exposed vulnerable population: World Bank’s 2026 AI/climate analysis identifies 2.8 billion people living in highly vulnerable conditions and 1.5 billion both exposed to climate hazards and living in highly vulnerable conditions. (2026)World Bank · 2026Source named — not yet verified2022 Pakistan floods: The 2022 floods show how a climate shock can simultaneously affect livelihoods, displacement, infrastructure, poverty and fiscal needs. (2022)World Bank / PDNA · 2022Source named — not yet verified1 debateProtected areas: 15.2% of Pakistan’s territorial area was reported as terrestrial and marine protected areas in 2025. (2025)World Bank Sovereign ESG Data Portal · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTree cover loss: World Bank ESG portal reports tree cover loss of 112 in 2025 for Pakistan’s series. (2025)World Bank Sovereign ESG Data Portal · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedWorld Bank approved US$300m IDA financing for Punjab Clean Air Program in March 2025. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedPunjab clean-air programme targets transport, agriculture, industry, energy and municipal services. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verified1 debateIMF climate programme includes disaster-risk financing, climate-sensitive public investment, water resilience and climat (2026)IMF · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedWater-Food-Security Nexus: Indus → irrigation → agriculture → food/livelihoods/exports/inflation/stability (Pakistan application)Synthesis · Pakistan applicationNeeds audit2 debatesClimate as threat multiplier: Climate amplifies water, food, poverty, fiscal and security vulnerabilities (Pakistan application)Synthesis · Pakistan applicationNeeds auditDisaster risk equation: Hazard × exposure × vulnerability (Pakistan application)Disaster-risk framework · Pakistan applicationNeeds audit
Crime, policing and criminal justice
Pakistan recorded 1,139 terrorism deaths and 1,045 incidents in 2025; over 74% of attacks and 67% of deaths occurred in (2025)Global Terrorism Index / IEP · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 174,918 under-trial prisoners represented 73.41% of Pakistan's prison population in 2024. (2024)NCHR · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Under-trial share rose from about 66% in 2017 to 73.41% in 2024. (2017-2024)NCHR · 2017-2024Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Prisons operated at roughly 152.2% of official capacity in 2024. (2024)NCHR · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedPunjab held 61,813 prisoners in facilities designed for 37,217. (2024)NCHR · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedFour additional Punjab prisons added capacity for only 2,268 inmates against a much larger deficit. (2024)NCHR · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedParole, probation, rehabilitation and diversion remain underused; community service absent in assessed system. (2024)NCHR · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedNCHR recommends parole/probation, non-custodial sentencing and community service for suitable minor offences. (2024)NCHR · 2024Source named — not yet verified3,646 death-row prisoners in 2024, up from 3,604 in 2023 and 3,226 in 2022. (2022-2024)NCHR · 2022-2024Source named — not yet verified2,329 Punjab death-row prisoners in 2024 were sentenced for murder. (2024)NCHR · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedAdiala housed 6,098 inmates despite capacity for 2,174 at time of investigation.NCHRSource named — not yet verifiedFIA Cyber Crime Wing received 73,131 complaints, opened 29,105 enquiries and registered 1,604 cases in 2024. (2024)FIA · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedFinancial fraud generated 35,945 complaints in 2024, largest FIA cybercrime category. (2024)FIA · 2024Source named — not yet verified1 debate10,170 complaints concerned dignity of a natural person/minor. (2024)FIA · 2024Source named — not yet verified7,393 blackmail complaints recorded. (2024)FIA · 2024Source named — not yet verified6,750 harassment complaints recorded. (2024)FIA · 2024Source named — not yet verified1,400 identity-theft complaints recorded. (2024)FIA · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedFIA reported 15 Cyber Crime Wing field circles in 2024 structure. (2024)FIA · 2024Source named — not yet verified1 debateFIA registered 46,399 enquiries and 10,387 cases in 2024. (2024)FIA · 2024Source named — not yet verified2 debatesFIA arrested 24,978 accused persons in 2024. (2024)FIA · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedFIA submitted 6,653 challans to trial courts in 2024. (2024)FIA · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedFIA reports convictions in 2,187 cases in 2024. (2024)FIA · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedFIA recovered/deposited about Rs13.692bn into national exchequer in 2024. (2024)FIA · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedKinetic RNAP priorities include terror finance, militant groups, terrorist communications and narcotics/weapons/human-tr (2021)NACTA · 2021Source named — not yet verifiedTotal crimes reported in Pakistan, 2024 vs 2015: 1511238 crimes reported in 2024 (633600 in 2015) (2015 and 2024)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Crime Report table (source: National Police Bureau, Ministry of Interior) · 2015 and 2024Source named — not yet verifiedMurders reported in Pakistan, 2024 vs 2013: 11074 murders in 2024 (13937 in 2013) (2013 and 2024)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Crime Report table (source: National Police Bureau, Ministry of Interior) · 2013 and 2024Source named — not yet verifiedRobbery cases reported in Pakistan, 2022 to 2023: 41020 in 2022; 78912 in 2023 (2022-2023)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Crimes Reported by Type and Provinces (source: National Police Bureau, Ministry of Interior) · 2022-2023Source named — not yet verifiedIntentional homicide rate, Pakistan: 4.33 per 100,000 people (2023)World Bank, World Development Indicators (VC.IHR.PSRC.P5, from UNODC data) · 2023Source named — not yet verifiedGini index of income inequality, Pakistan: 33.5 (29.6 in 2018) (2024)World Bank, World Development Indicators (SI.POV.GINI) · 2024Source named — not yet verified1 debatePolice-to-population ratio by region, Pakistan: ICT 1:114; Balochistan 1:223; GB 1:234; KPK 1:411; AJK 1:467; Sindh 1:504; Punjab 1:514 (Police Rules norm: 1 constable per 450 citizens in towns over 30,000) (2014)Ministry of Interior, National Internal Security Policy 2014-2018 · 2014Source named — not yet verified1 debateSanctioned versus actual police strength, Pakistan: Sanctioned 412167; present 369811; shortage 42356 (2014)Ministry of Interior, National Internal Security Policy 2014-2018, Annex P · 2014Source named — not yet verifiedCases pending in all courts of Pakistan: 2,168,293 pending (criminal 749,448; civil 1,385,780) (30 June 2026)Law and Justice Commission of Pakistan, Bi-Annual Report of Judicial Statistics, January to June 2026 · 30 June 2026Source named — not yet verifiedConviction rates by offence, Punjab prosecution: 28% in murder, 3% in kidnapping, 6% in rape and 24% in theft and robbery (Two years to October 2020)Government of the Punjab, Punjab Portal news release (briefing by the Secretary Prosecution) · Two years to October 2020Source named — not yet verifiedPrison population and occupancy level, Pakistan: 108,643 prisoners; official capacity 66,625; occupancy level 163.1% (November 2024)World Prison Brief, Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research (citing the Chief Justice of Pakistan) · November 2024Source named — not yet verifiedShare of prisoners held pre-trial, Pakistan: 73.4% (July/August 2024)World Prison Brief, Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research · July/August 2024Source named — not yet verified1 debateSocio-economic determinants of crime in Pakistan, 1973-2014 (ARDL study): Poverty had a positive and significant long-run effect on property crime; income inequality was not significant; police strength had a negative and significant effect on aggregate crime (2017 (data 1973-2014))Anwar, Arshed and Anwar, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 7(1), 312-322 · 2017 (data 1973-2014)Source named — not yet verified1 debateIncome inequality, poverty and crime nexus in Pakistan, 1984-2012: In the long run, poverty, income inequality and inflation have a positive and significant impact on crime (2016 (data 1984-2012))Muhammad Ahad, International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research 4(3), 133-145 · 2016 (data 1984-2012)Source named — not yet verified1 debatePolice strength and property crime in Punjab, 1978-2012: Police strength has a deterrent effect; population density is positive and education negative for property crime; unemployment shows a negative relationship (2013 (data 1978-2012))Jabbar and Mohsin, 'Economics of Property Crime Rate in Punjab', The Pakistan Development Review 52:3, 221-233 (PIDE) · 2013 (data 1978-2012)Source named — not yet verifiedGTI reports 1,045 incidents and 1,139 deaths in Pakistan in 2025; its index uses multiple impact indicators. (2025)Global Terrorism Index / IEP · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTrafficking investigations rose from 1,357 in 2022 to 2,065 in 2024 (+52%) following supported case-management improveme (2022-2024)UNODC · 2022-2024Source named — not yet verifiedMigrant-smuggling investigations rose from 547 to 657 (+20%). (2022-2024)UNODC · 2022-2024Source named — not yet verifiedTrafficking/smuggling awareness campaign focused on 31 high-risk districts and was associated with 32,402 FIA helpline c (2024)UNODC · 2024Source named — not yet verified1 debateTrafficking framework includes a non-punishment principle for victims for acts directly resulting from trafficking, subjUNODC SHERLOCSource named — not yet verifiedUNODC legislative database notes 2025 amendments including victim/witness-protection-related provisions. (2025)UNODC SHERLOC · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedFATF 2022 follow-up found Pakistan Compliant/Largely Compliant on 38 Recommendations. (2022)FATF · 2022Source named — not yet verifiedFATF re-rated Recommendation 33 Compliant; 28 and 37 Largely Compliant; 38 Partially Compliant. (2022)FATF · 2022Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan remained in enhanced follow-up at that assessment stage despite technical progress. (2022)FATF · 2022Source named — not yet verifiedNAP links narcotics, weapons and human trafficking under a broader illegal spectrum. (2021)NACTA · 2021Source named — not yet verified1 debate
Pakistan's foreign policy and the region
ADB describes Pakistan as providing some of the closest sea access to Afghanistan, Central Asia and western China.ADBSource named — not yet verifiedTier 12 debatesCAREC connects Pakistan roads with regional corridors linking China, Afghanistan and Central Asia to Arabian Sea.ADBSource named — not yet verifiedTier 13 debatesADB says transit trade remains limited by poor transport/border infrastructure and costly cross-border services.ADBSource named — not yet verifiedTier 1ADB Pakistan Economic Corridors Programme links connectivity investment with growth, employment, regional trade and stabADBSource named — not yet verifiedTier 1US-Pakistan trade: ~US$11.5bn goods+services trade (2025)USTR · 2025Needs auditTier 1Pakistan joined SCO: Full member 9 Jun 2017; observer since 2005 (2017)Pakistan MOFA / SCO · 2017Needs auditTier 1ESCAP recommends paperless trade, mutual recognition and coordinated one-stop land-port clearance to reduce cross-border (2025)ESCAP · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedUS as major Pakistan export market: Historically the largest individual-country export market (Recent)US/Pakistan official trade sources · RecentNeeds auditStrategic autonomy between China and West: China critical for infrastructure/imports; Western markets important for exports/capital (Current)Synthesis from official trade data · CurrentNeeds audit1 debateHedging: Diversified cooperation without complete alignment (Pakistan application)IR theory · Pakistan applicationNeeds audit1 debateEighth UNSC term: Pakistan non-permanent member 2025-26 (2025-26)United Nations · 2025-26Needs audit1 debateHCI regional comparison: Pakistan 0.41; South Asia 0.48; Bangladesh 0.46; Nepal 0.49 (Comparable HCI vintage)World Bank · Comparable HCI vintageNeeds auditUS security- and economic-related aid to Pakistan, FY2002-FY2018: Total Security-Related: $8,284 million; Total Economic-Related: $11,326 million (appropriations, rounded to nearest millions) (FY2002-FY2018)Congressional Research Service, Direct Overt U.S. Aid Appropriations for and Military Reimbursements to Pakistan, FY2002-FY2020 (12 March 2019), via EveryCRSReport · FY2002-FY2018Source named — not yet verified2 debatesCoalition Support Fund reimbursements paid to Pakistan, FY2002-FY2018: CSF Reimbursements: $14,573 million, out of a grand total of $34,183 million (FY2002-FY2018)Congressional Research Service, Direct Overt U.S. Aid Appropriations for and Military Reimbursements to Pakistan, FY2002-FY2020 (12 March 2019), via EveryCRSReport · FY2002-FY2018Source named — not yet verified3 debatesUS Economic Support Funds used to cancel Pakistan's debt to the US: Congress authorized Pakistan to use the FY2003 and FY2004 ESF allocations to cancel a total of $1.5 billion in debt to the U.S. government (FY2003-FY2004)Congressional Research Service, Direct Overt U.S. Aid Appropriations for and Military Reimbursements to Pakistan, FY2002-FY2020 (12 March 2019), via EveryCRSReport · FY2003-FY2004Source named — not yet verified1 debateKerry-Lugar-Berman: authorised civilian aid to Pakistan: Up to $1,500,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2010 through 2014 (Enhanced Partnership with Pakistan Act of 2009, Public Law 111-73, approved October 15, 2009) (FY2010-FY2014; enacted 15 October 2009)US Government Publishing Office, Public Law 111-73, Sec. 102 · FY2010-FY2014; enacted 15 October 2009Source named — not yet verified1 debateKerry-Lugar-Berman: conditions on US security assistance: For FY2011-2014 no security-related assistance until the Secretary of State certifies, inter alia, that Pakistan's security forces are not materially and substantially subverting the political or judicial processes of Pakistan (FY2011-FY2014; enacted 15 October 2009)US Government Publishing Office, Public Law 111-73, Sec. 203 · FY2011-FY2014; enacted 15 October 2009Source named — not yet verifiedRegistered Afghan refugees: 777,986 (30 Jun 2026)UNHCR · 30 Jun 2026Source named — not yet verified2 debatesAfghans hosted by end-2025: >2.8 million (End-2025)UNHCR · End-2025Source named — not yet verifiedPBS trade-statistics infrastructure: PBS maintains monthly, quarterly and annual external trade statistics and publishes exports, imports and trade-balance data. (Current)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics · CurrentSource named — not yet verifiedTrade data releases: PBS publishes advance monthly releases for exports/imports and services trade, including 2026 monthly releases. (2026)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedNHA road network: NHA network comprises 48 national highways/motorways/strategic roads totaling 14,480 km. (FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey 2025-26 · FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan hosted about 1.4185m Afghan refugees/others needing international protection at end-2025. (end-2025)UNHCR · end-2025Source named — not yet verified2 debatesRegional Afghan refugees/others needing international protection about 3.079m at end-2025. (end-2025)UNHCR · end-2025Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan UNSC term: 2025-26 (2025-26)United Nations · 2025-26Needs audit2 debatesPakistan UN peacekeeping contribution: 2,413 uniformed personnel incl. 2,288 troops (Feb 2026)United Nations Peacekeeping · Feb 2026Needs auditSecurity Dilemma: One side's security measures can make the other less secure (Theory)IR theory · TheoryNeeds auditUNSC Resolution 39: Established UNCIP (Jan 1948)United Nations · Jan 1948Needs auditUNSC Resolution 47: Expanded UNCIP and recommended measures concerning conflict/dispute (1948)United Nations · 1948Needs auditKarachi Agreement: Ceasefire line established under UN observation (Jul 1949)United Nations · Jul 1949Needs auditIndia Article 370 change: Article 370 rendered inoperative through Presidential Orders 272/273 (5-6 Aug 2019)Government of India / Supreme Court record · 5-6 Aug 2019Needs auditJ&K Reorganisation Act: Former state split into UT of J&K and UT of Ladakh (2019)Government of India · 2019Needs auditIndian Supreme Court Article 370 judgment: Constitutional outcome upheld unanimously (11 Dec 2023)Supreme Court of India · 11 Dec 2023Needs audit1 debateIndus Waters Treaty signed: 19 Sep 1960 (1960)World Bank · 1960Needs auditIWT river allocation: Eastern: Ravi/Beas/Sutlej to India; Western: Indus/Jhelum/Chenab largely to Pakistan subject to treaty provisions (1960)World Bank · 1960Needs audit2 debatesIndia announced IWT abeyance: India announced Treaty would be held in abeyance; Pakistan rejected position (Apr 2025)Official statements · Apr 2025Needs auditCPEC Phase II five corridors: Growth; Livelihood; Innovation; Green Development; Regional Connectivity/Opening-Up (2025-26)Pakistan/China official sources · 2025-26Needs audit3 debatesInfrastructure is not industrialization: Infrastructure enables but does not guarantee productive transformation (Pakistan/CPEC)Analysis · Pakistan/CPECNeeds audit2 debates
Education and skills
About 78% of Pakistani 10-year-olds cannot read/understand a simple age-appropriate text. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 125.1m children aged 5-16 are out of school, about 35% of the age group. (2025)UNICEF · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1OOSC rate: Balochistan ~69%, Punjab 27%, Sindh 44%, KP 34%. (2025)UNICEF · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 11 debateWorkers with secondary education earned about 45% more than primary-educated workers in cited 2018 evidence. (2018)World Bank · 2018Source named — not yet verifiedTier 171,000 out-of-school adolescents entered accelerated learning pathways. (2025)UNICEF · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 125.1m children aged 5-16 are out of school (~35%). (2025)UNICEF · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1OOSC rates: Balochistan ~69%, Punjab 27%, KP 34%, Sindh 44%. (2025)UNICEF · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 11 debatePunjab has largest absolute OOSC number ~9.7m despite lower proportional exclusion than Balochistan. (2025)UNICEF · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1OOSC: Sindh ~7.4m, KP 4.5m, Balochistan 3.5m. (2025)UNICEF · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 11 debateUNICEF notes unreliable electricity creates barriers to school attendance, retention and learning. (2025)UNICEF · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1UNICEF-supported interventions gave 288,000 learners foundational-learning support, including 54,000 in ECE. (2025)UNICEF · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Literacy rate: 63.0% (FY2025)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025Source named — not yet verified1 debateMale literacy: 73.0% (FY2025)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025Source named — not yet verifiedFemale literacy: 54.0% (FY2025)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025Source named — not yet verifiedOut-of-school children: 25.1 million / 35% of age group (Current UNICEF estimate)UNICEF Pakistan · Current UNICEF estimateSource named — not yet verifiedEducation spending: 0.8% of GDP (FY2025)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025Source named — not yet verified1 debateOOSC rate: 28% (2025)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedBalochistan OOSC rate: ~69% (Current UNICEF estimate)UNICEF Pakistan · Current UNICEF estimateSource named — not yet verifiedEducation spending vs SDG/UNESCO benchmark: Pakistan education spending about 0.8% GDP in FY2025; UNICEF cites UNESCO/SDG-4 benchmark of 4–6%. (FY2025)UNICEF Pakistan / Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025Source named — not yet verified1 debateOut-of-school children: 25.1 million children aged 5–16 are out of school, 35% of the age group. (2025/26)UNICEF Pakistan · 2025/26Source named — not yet verified3 debatesBalochistan OOSC share: Approximately 3.5 million children, nearly 69% of the 5–16 population, are out of school. (2025/26)UNICEF Pakistan · 2025/26Source named — not yet verified1 debateRecurrent spending dominance: Nearly 90% of education expenditure is recurrent, mainly teacher salaries. (2025/26)UNICEF Pakistan · 2025/26Source named — not yet verifiedOut-of-school children: 25.1 million children aged 5-16 (Latest UNICEF cited estimate)UNICEF Pakistan · Latest UNICEF cited estimateSource named — not yet verified2 debatesUrban literacy: 74.0% (FY2025)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025Source named — not yet verifiedRural literacy: 55.0% (FY2025)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan literacy rate: Overall literacy rate was 63.0%. (FY2025)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025Source named — not yet verified1 debateMale-female literacy gap: Male literacy was 73% versus female literacy of 54%, a 19 percentage-point gap. (FY2025)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025Source named — not yet verifiedUrban-rural literacy gap: Urban literacy was 74% versus 55% in rural areas, a 19 percentage-point gap. (FY2025)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025Source named — not yet verifiedOut-of-school children UNICEF estimate: UNICEF estimates 25.1 million children aged 5–16 are out of school, about 35% of the age group. (2025)UNICEF Pakistan · 2025Source named — not yet verified2 debatesEducation spending: Education expenditure was about Rs 962 billion, equivalent to 0.8% of GDP. (FY2025)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025Source named — not yet verified2 debatesConstitutional right to education: Article 25-A requires the state to provide free and compulsory education to all children aged 5–16. (Constitution)Constitution of Pakistan · ConstitutionSource named — not yet verifiedProvincial literacy gap: FY2025 literacy was reported at 68% Punjab, 58% Sindh, 58% KP and 49% Balochistan. (FY2025)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025Source named — not yet verified1 debateFemale enrollment growth in voter-age population: ECP reported women’s voter registration grew 27% over five years compared with 17% for men. (2019-2024)Election Commission of Pakistan · 2019-2024Source named — not yet verifiedIMF on social protection: “Enhancing social protection and human capital development are critical to build resilience against shocks.” (2026)IMF Staff Report · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedArticle 25-A education obligation: Free and compulsory education for children aged 5-16 is a constitutional obligation (Constitution / current)Constitution of Pakistan · Constitution / currentSource named — not yet verifiedIPC denominator trap: 45 districts later vs 68 earlier (2024-26)IPC · 2024-26Needs audit
Technology, AI and the digital economy
110,000 children registered through health-interoperable birth-registration systems linked with NADRA. (2025)UNICEF · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 12 debatesICT export remittances: US$3.388 billion ICT export remittances during Jul–Mar FY2026, up 19.7%. (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey 2025-26 · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verified2 debatesFreelancer remittances (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey 2025-26 · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verified1 debateInternet use: 57.25% of Pakistan’s population used the internet in 2024. (2024)World Bank Sovereign ESG Data Portal · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedR&D expenditure (2023)World Bank Sovereign ESG Data Portal · 2023Source named — not yet verifiedESCAP finds Pakistan faces higher cross-border digital-trade regulatory compliance costs than ASEAN and South/South-West (2025)ESCAP · 2025Source named — not yet verified1 debatePakistan performs relatively favourably against Asia-Pacific average in aspects of intermediary liability, public procur (2025)ESCAP · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedESCAP identifies relatively high compliance costs around tariffs/trade defence, non-technical NTMs and cross-border data (2025)ESCAP · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedICT exports US$3.388bn Jul-Mar FY2026, up ~19.7% YoY. (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedICT trade surplus ~US$2.911bn Jul-Mar FY2026. (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedFreelancer remittances US$856.3m, up ~51%. (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verified1 debateBroadband subscriptions ~161m; penetration ~64.2%. (2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedTotal telecom subscriptions ~207.2m. (2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedTelecom revenue ~Rs837bn. (2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedTelecom contributed ~Rs285bn to exchequer. (2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedMarch 2026 5G spectrum auction generated ~US$509.6m. (2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedNational AI Policy formally approved 31 July 2025. (2025)MoITT · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedAI Policy aims at responsible and ethical AI adoption. (2025)MoITT · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedAI Policy frames AI as part of transition toward a knowledge-based economy. (2025)MoITT · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedAI strategy seeks locally appropriate adoption across industries/sectors. (2025)MoITT · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedICT export remittances: US$3.38 billion (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verified2 debatesICT trade surplus: US$2.911 billion (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedFreelancer remittances: US$856.3 million (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedBroadband penetration: 64.2% (End-March 2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · End-March 2026Source named — not yet verified1 debateTelecom subscribers: 207.2 million (End-March 2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · End-March 2026Source named — not yet verified5G spectrum auction: US$509.6 million (March 2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · March 2026Source named — not yet verifiedICT export remittances (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey / SBP · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verified1 debateICT trade surplus: ICT services generated a trade surplus of about US$2.911 billion. (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey / SBP · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verified1 debateFreelancer remittances (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey / SBP · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verified1 debateBroadband subscribers (2026)Pakistan Economic Survey / PTA · 2026Source named — not yet verified1 debateTelecom subscribers: Total telecom subscribers were about 207.2 million. (2026)Pakistan Economic Survey / PTA · 2026Source named — not yet verified5G spectrum auction: Pakistan’s 5G spectrum auction raised about US$509.6 million in March 2026. (March 2026)Pakistan Economic Survey / PTA · March 2026Source named — not yet verifiedAI access inequality: World Bank’s 2026 AI analysis emphasizes that high costs and limited digital skills leave billions behind as AI diffusion advances. (2026)World Bank · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan FBR digital transformation: FBR transformation plan includes risk-based audits, digital invoicing and production monitoring. (2026)IMF · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan digital export model: ICT exports and freelancer remittances show a service-export pathway with comparatively low physical logistics requirements. (FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey / SBP · FY2026Source named — not yet verified2 debates
Poverty, inequality and social protection
HDI 0.544; rank 168/193 in HDR 2025. (2025)UNDP · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Inequality-adjusted HDI falls from 0.544 to 0.364, a 33.1% loss. (2025)UNDP · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1BISP allocation reported by UNICEF at Rs716bn, 20% above 2024. (2025)UNICEF · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 11 debateOlder UNDP study estimated elite-group privileges at Rs2.66tn, about 8% of GDP at the time. (2020-21)UNDP · 2020-21Source named — not yet verifiedTier 11 debateUNDP frames inequality through the '3 Ps': Power, People and Policy. (2020-21)UNDP · 2020-21Source named — not yet verifiedTier 11 debateHDI rank moved 164/193 (2023/24 HDR) to 168/193 (2025 HDR); rankings depend on other countries too. (2023-2025)UNDP · 2023-2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1National poverty rate fell from 64.3% in 2001-02 to 21.9% in 2018-19. (2001-02 to 2018-19)World Bank · 2001-02 to 2018-19Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1World Bank identifies rising non-agricultural labour income as principal driver of long-run poverty reduction. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Poverty began rising again from around 2020 amid COVID, inflation, floods and macro stress. (2020 onward)World Bank · 2020 onwardSource named — not yet verifiedTier 1World Bank analysis estimated ~60.4m Pakistanis below national poverty line in 2023-24. (2023-24)World Bank · 2023-24Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Rural poverty remains more than twice urban poverty. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Poverty ranged from ~3.5% in Islamabad to 76.9% in Tharparkar in World Bank spatial analysis. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 11 debateSeven of ten poorest districts in analysis were in Balochistan. (2025)World Bank · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Poverty at $3/day: 23.0% (2024)World Bank · 2024Source named — not yet verified1 debateNational poverty estimate: 28.9% (2024-25 HIES)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2024-25 HIESSource named — not yet verified1 debateRural poverty: 36.2% (2024-25)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2024-25Source named — not yet verified1 debateUrban poverty: 17.4% (2024-25)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedGini coefficient: 32.7 (2024-25)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2024-25Source named — not yet verifiedBISP allocation: Rs 722.49 billion (FY2025-26)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verified1 debateInformality of employment: More than 85% of jobs remain informal. (2025)World Bank Pakistan Poverty, Equity and Resilience Assessment · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedPoverty trend reversal: National poverty fell from 64.3% in 2001-02 to 21.9% in 2018-19, then began increasing from 2020. (2001-02 to 2024/25)World Bank Poverty Assessment · 2001-02 to 2024/25Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan poverty rate HIES: Poverty rate was estimated at 28.9% in FY2024-25 under the national HIES-based measure. (FY2024-25)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2024-25Source named — not yet verified1 debateRural-urban poverty gap: HIES-based poverty was reported at 36.2% in rural areas versus 17.4% in urban areas. (FY2024-25)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2024-25Source named — not yet verified1 debateGini coefficient change: Gini coefficient increased from 28.4 in 2018-19 to 32.7 in 2024-25 in the cited Pakistan survey series. (2018-19 to 2024-25)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2018-19 to 2024-25Source named — not yet verified1 debateBISP allocation (FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2026Source named — not yet verified1 debatePro-poor expenditure (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedGlobal discrimination: Nearly one in five people globally reported experiencing discrimination in the previous 12 months in the cited UN SDG reporting. (2026)UN SDG Report · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedUN/SDG on data gaps: “Data gaps obscure the true scale” of global discrimination. (2026)UN SDG Report · 2026Source named — not yet verified
Judiciary, rule of law and accountability
Six Anti-Rape Crisis Cells established in 2024 enabled 1,724 women and 27 boys to obtain medico-legal, psychosocial and (2024)UN Women · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Pakistan has laws covering honour killings, forced marriage, acid attacks, trafficking, sexual harassment and cyber abusUN WomenSource named — not yet verified79 of 82 juveniles examined in Adiala Jail were under trial.NCHRSource named — not yet verified29 of 82 juveniles lacked legal representation in NCHR Adiala investigation.NCHRSource named — not yet verified75% of juveniles examined at Adiala had no father and came from highly impoverished backgrounds.NCHRSource named — not yet verifiedPakistan ranked 101/143 on WJP 2025 Criminal Justice factor. (2025)World Justice Project · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan ranked 19/35 among lower-middle-income countries on WJP Criminal Justice factor. (2025)World Justice Project · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan ranked 143/143 on WJP 2025 Order and Security factor. (2025)World Justice Project · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan ranked 35/35 lower-middle-income countries on WJP Order and Security factor. (2025)World Justice Project · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan ranked 129/143 Civil Justice and 127/143 Regulatory Enforcement in WJP 2025. (2025)World Justice Project · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedWJP 2017 urban survey: 82% experienced a legal problem in previous two years. (2017)World Justice Project · 2017Source named — not yet verifiedOnly 14% with a legal problem approached an authority/third party for help/adjudication. (2017)World Justice Project · 2017Source named — not yet verifiedRespondents identified investigator incompetence and inadequate court resources as major justice problems. (2017)World Justice Project · 2017Source named — not yet verifiedArticle 25-A: Free and compulsory education, ages 5-16Constitution of PakistanSource named — not yet verifiedArticle 25: Equality before lawConstitution of PakistanSource named — not yet verified1 debateArticle 10A: Right to fair trialConstitution of PakistanSource named — not yet verifiedPakistan civil-justice legal problems: In a WJP Pakistan survey covering five urban areas, 82% of respondents reported experiencing a legal problem in the previous two years; only 14% sought help from an authority or third party. (2017 survey)World Justice Project · 2017 surveySource named — not yet verified1 debatePakistan legal hardship: Nearly half of respondents in the WJP Pakistan survey reported hardship resulting from their legal problem. (2017 survey)World Justice Project · 2017 surveySource named — not yet verified1 debateGlobal rule-of-law decline: WJP reported that 68% of countries in its 2025 index declined in rule of law. (2025)World Justice Project · 2025Source named — not yet verified1 debateJudicial independence global trend: WJP reported declines in indicators of judicial independence/limits on executive power across a majority of countries in 2025. (2025)World Justice Project · 2025Source named — not yet verified3 debatesArticle 25 equality: Article 25 establishes equality before law and equal protection of law, and prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex while permitting special provisions for women and children. (Constitution)Constitution of Pakistan · ConstitutionSource named — not yet verified1 debateArticle 10A fair trial: Article 10A provides the right to a fair trial and due process for determination of civil rights and obligations or criminal charges. (Constitution)Constitution of Pakistan · ConstitutionSource named — not yet verifiedArticle 11 child labour: Article 11 prohibits employment of children below 14 years in factories, mines and other hazardous employment. (Constitution)Constitution of Pakistan · ConstitutionSource named — not yet verified1 debateArticle 25-A education right: Article 25-A requires the State to provide free and compulsory education to all children aged 5–16. (Constitution of Pakistan)Pakistan Constitution / National Assembly · Constitution of PakistanSource named — not yet verifiedArticle 10-A fair trial: Article 10-A provides the right to fair trial and due process for determination of civil rights and criminal charges. (Constitution of Pakistan)Pakistan Constitution / National Assembly · Constitution of PakistanSource named — not yet verifiedArticle 25 equality: Article 25 establishes equality before law and prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex, while allowing special provisions for women and children. (Constitution of Pakistan)Pakistan Constitution / National Assembly · Constitution of PakistanSource named — not yet verified1 debatePakistan trafficking law covers recruitment/harbouring/transport for compelled labour, organized begging or sexual exploUNODC SHERLOCSource named — not yet verified
Water security and the Indus
Agriculture accounts for about 95% of Pakistan's freshwater withdrawals; inefficient agricultural water use was estimateWorld BankSource named — not yet verifiedTier 11 debateProvincial agricultural income-tax regimes were amended, applying to income from 1 Jan 2025. (2025)IMF · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Agriculture contributed 23.44% of GDP in FY2025-26. (FY2025-26)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Agriculture grew 2.89% in FY2025-26 versus 1.53% in FY2024-25. (FY2024-26)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2024-26Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Livestock is 62.45% of agricultural value added and 14.64% of total GDP. (FY2025-26)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Livestock grew 3.75% versus 0.65% for important crops. (FY2025-26)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Wheat production ~29.61m tonnes, up 4.3%. (FY2025-26)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Rice production ~9.99m tonnes, up 2.8%. (FY2025-26)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Cotton production ~7.05m bales, down ~0.5%. (FY2025-26)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Poultry generated ~Rs999bn gross value added and employed 1.5m+ people. (FY2025-26)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Normal/average system irrigation-water usage benchmark ~103.5 MAF.Pakistan Economic SurveySource named — not yet verifiedTier 1Surface-water availability in 2025-26 ~92.0 MAF. (2025-26)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedTier 12025-26 surface-water availability was ~11.1% below average system usage. (2025-26)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedTier 12022-23 availability fell to 72.7 MAF, 29.8% below average. (2022-23)Pakistan Economic Survey · 2022-23Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Agriculture accounts for about 95% of Pakistan's freshwater withdrawals.World BankSource named — not yet verifiedTier 1World Bank analysis estimates climate impacts could produce losses up to 9% GDP by 2050, reaching 17% in agriculture und (to 2050)World Bank · to 2050Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Acute food insecurity in vulnerable districts: ~7.5m people / 21% of analysed population in IPC Phase 3+ (Dec 2025-Mar 2026)IPC · Dec 2025-Mar 2026Verified against sourceTier 1Freshwater withdrawals: 98.1% of available resources (2023)UN SDG Data · 2023Source named — not yet verifiedFreshwater withdrawals: 110% of available resources (2022)UN SDG Data · 2022Source named — not yet verifiedSafely managed drinking water: 45.0% (2024)UN SDG Data · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedSafely managed drinking water: Only about 45% of Pakistan’s population had safely managed drinking water in the cited 2024 SDG dataset. (2024)UN SDG Database · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedSafely treated domestic wastewater: About 38.1% of domestic wastewater was safely treated in the cited SDG dataset. (2022)UN SDG Database · 2022Source named — not yet verifiedFreshwater withdrawal pressure: Freshwater withdrawals were reported at 98.1% of available freshwater resources in the cited 2023 SDG dataset. (2023)UN SDG Database · 2023Source named — not yet verifiedFour pillars of food security: Availability; access; utilization; stability (Concept applied to Pakistan)FAO/IPC framework · Concept applied to PakistanNeeds auditIPC Emergency food insecurity: ~1.25m in Phase 4 (Dec 2025-Mar 2026)IPC · Dec 2025-Mar 2026Needs audit1 debateDrivers of acute food insecurity: 2025 floods + drought/dry spells + localized insecurity (2025-26)IPC · 2025-26Needs audit
Terrorism, extremism and internal security
Pakistan terrorism deaths in 2025: 1,139 deaths (2025)Global Terrorism Index 2026 · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Pakistan terrorism incidents in 2025: 1,045 incidents (2025)Global Terrorism Index 2026 · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Regional concentration of terrorism: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan accounted for more than 74% of attacks and 67% of deaths in 2025 (2025)Global Terrorism Index 2026 · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTier 12 debatesTerrorism deaths: 1,139 people were killed in terrorism in Pakistan in 2025; 1,045 incidents recorded. (2025)Global Terrorism Index 2026 · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTerrorism geography: KP and Balochistan accounted for more than 74% of attacks and 67% of terrorism deaths in 2025. (2025)Global Terrorism Index 2026 · 2025Source named — not yet verified1 debateAfghan registered refugees: 777,986 registered Afghan refugees in Pakistan as of 30 June 2026. (30 Jun 2026)UNHCR · 30 Jun 2026Source named — not yet verified2 debatesGTI analysis links Pakistan's 2025 deterioration partly to militant activity along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border and r (2025)Global Terrorism Index / IEP · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedNational Prevention of Violent Extremism Policy 2024 approved in Dec 2024. (2024)NACTA · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedNPVEP priorities include community engagement, communication, education reform and rehabilitation. (2024)NACTA · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedNACTA describes NPVEP as a whole-of-society approach addressing root causes. (2024)NACTA · 2024Source named — not yet verified30 civil-society projects identified as relevant to NPVEP implementation at cited dialogue. (2024)NACTA · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedRevised National Action Plan 2021 contains 14 core points across kinetic and non-kinetic domains. (2021)NACTA · 2021Source named — not yet verifiedNon-kinetic RNAP priorities include CVE, madrasa regulation, justice reform, CTD capacity, Balochistan reconciliation an (2021)NACTA · 2021Source named — not yet verifiedOfficial national narrative states about 83,000 lives lost to terrorism 2001-2022 and losses over Rs35tn. (2001-2022)NACTA · 2001-2022Source named — not yet verifiedPaigham-e-Pakistan consensus declaration was signed by 1,800+ religious scholars, according to NACTA. (2018)NACTA · 2018Source named — not yet verifiedGTI rank: 1st most impacted by terrorism (2026 report / 2025 data)Global Terrorism Index · 2026 report / 2025 dataSource named — not yet verifiedTerrorism deaths: 1,139 (2025)Global Terrorism Index 2026 · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedTerrorist attacks: 1,045 (2025)Global Terrorism Index 2026 · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedWestern-border share of attacks: >74% (2025)Global Terrorism Index 2026 · 2025Source named — not yet verifiedRevised NAP explicitly identifies choking terror financing as a priority. (2021)NACTA · 2021Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan nuclear arsenal estimate: ~170 warheads (Jan 2024 estimate)SIPRI · Jan 2024 estimateNeeds audit1 debateStability-Instability Paradox: Nuclear deterrence may reduce full-scale war while conflict persists below nuclear threshold (Theory)IR theory · TheoryNeeds audit2 debates
World order, UN and great-power politics
GDP at current prices, United States vs China: United States 29,298.025; China 18,945.112 (billions of U.S. dollars) (2024)IMF, World Economic Outlook (April 2026) · 2024Source named — not yet verified2 debatesGDP in PPP terms, China vs United States: China 38,209.549; United States 29,298.025 (billions of international dollars, PPP) (2024)IMF, World Economic Outlook (April 2026) · 2024Source named — not yet verified1 debateMilitary expenditure, United States vs China: USA $954 billion (fell 7.5 per cent); China an estimated $336 billion (rose 7.4 per cent) (2025)SIPRI Fact Sheet, Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2025 (April 2026) · 2025Source named — not yet verified3 debatesUS goods trade balance with China: Exports $143,271.7 million; imports $440,319.4 million; balance -$297,047.7 million (2024)U.S. Census Bureau, Trade in Goods with China · 2024Source named — not yet verified3 debatesUS goods imports from China, 2025 vs 2018 peak: Imports $308,651.9 million in 2025, against $538,514.2 million in 2018 (2018 and 2025)U.S. Census Bureau, Trade in Goods with China · 2018 and 2025Source named — not yet verified3 debatesFirst Section 301 tariffs on Chinese goods announced by USTR: Additional 25 percent duty on approximately $50 billion of Chinese imports covering 1,102 tariff lines (15 June 2018)Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, press release · 15 June 2018Source named — not yet verified3 debatesUS chip and chipmaking export controls on China: Controls on advanced computing chips, supercomputer end uses and semiconductor manufacturing items to the PRC (7 October 2022)U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security, press release · 7 October 2022Source named — not yet verifiedChina's share of world rare-earth mine production: China 270,000 of a world total of 390,000 tons (rare-earth oxide equivalent) (2024 (estimated))U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025: Rare Earths · 2024 (estimated)Source named — not yet verified1 debateChina's dominance of critical-mineral refining: Leading refiner for 19 of the 20 minerals analysed, with an average market share of around 70% (2024 (report published 21 May 2025))International Energy Agency, Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 · 2024 (report published 21 May 2025)Source named — not yet verifiedThucydides Trap: rising vs ruling power cases ending in war: Twelve of 16 cases in the past 500 years ended violently (Past 500 years (Belfer Center case file))Harvard Kennedy School, Belfer Center, Thucydides's Trap project · Past 500 years (Belfer Center case file)Source named — not yet verified2 debatesChina's Anti-Secession Law permits non-peaceful means over Taiwan: Article 8: the state shall employ non-peaceful means and other necessary measures if secession occurs or peaceful reunification is exhausted (Adopted 14 March 2005)Anti-Secession Law of the PRC, full text, Embassy of the PRC in the USA · Adopted 14 March 2005Source named — not yet verified3 debatesTaiwan Relations Act: US stance on coercion of Taiwan: Treats any effort to determine Taiwan's future by other than peaceful means as a threat to Western Pacific peace and of grave concern to the US (Enacted 10 April 1979 (Pub. L. 96-8))22 U.S.C. 3301, Taiwan Relations Act, via Cornell Law School LII · Enacted 10 April 1979 (Pub. L. 96-8)Source named — not yet verified1 debateUS Indo-Pacific Strategy on its aim toward the PRC: Objective is not to change the PRC but to shape the strategic environment in which it operates (February 2022)The White House, Indo-Pacific Strategy of the United States · February 2022Source named — not yet verified3 debatesWTO membership count: 166 members since 30 August 2024 (30 August 2024)WTO, Members and Observers · 30 August 2024Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan's membership of the WTO and GATT: WTO member since 1 January 1995 and a member of GATT since 30 July 1948 (1948; 1995)WTO, Member information: Pakistan and the WTO · 1948; 1995Source named — not yet verifiedLaunch of the Doha Development Round: Officially launched at the WTO's Fourth Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar, in November 2001 (November 2001)WTO, The Doha Round · November 2001Source named — not yet verified2 debatesNairobi Declaration records split over the Doha mandate: Many Members reaffirm the Doha Development Agenda; other Members do not reaffirm the Doha mandates (para. 30) (19 December 2015)WTO, Nairobi Ministerial Declaration WT/MIN(15)/DEC · 19 December 2015Source named — not yet verified2 debatesAppellate Body loses quorum: On 10 December the Appellate Body was reduced to one member; no longer has the minimum three members needed to hear new appeals (10 December 2019)WTO news, Members urge continued engagement on resolving Appellate Body issues (18 Dec 2019) · 10 December 2019Source named — not yet verified1 debateSpecial and differential treatment and the Enabling Clause: Enabling Clause adopted under GATT in 1979; it is the WTO legal basis for the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) (1979)WTO, Special and differential treatment provisions · 1979Source named — not yet verifiedTRIPS amendment on access to medicines takes effect: The amendment took effect on 23 January 2017; first time WTO accords have been amended (23 January 2017)WTO, TRIPS and public health: amendment of the TRIPS Agreement · 23 January 2017Source named — not yet verified1 debateUruguay Round farm subsidy cuts: developed vs developing: Total AMS cuts (base 1986-88): developed countries -20% over 6 years; developing countries -13% over 10 years (1995-2004)WTO, Understanding the WTO: Agriculture · 1995-2004Source named — not yet verifiedGovernment support to agriculture across 54 countries: USD 842 billion per year in transfers towards agriculture in 2022-24 (2022-24)OECD, Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2025 · 2022-24Source named — not yet verified1 debate
Energy
Installed electricity capacity reached 49,651 MW in FY2025-26. (FY2025-26)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Installed mix: thermal 49.2%, hydel 23.4%, renewables 20.3%, nuclear 7.1%. (FY2025-26)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Hydel+nuclear+renewables generated 53.1% of electricity during Jul-Mar FY2026. (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Households consumed ~47.5% of electricity; industry ~31.5%. (FY2025-26)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2025-26Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Electricity consumption rose ~3.8% YoY Jul-Mar FY2026. (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedTier 1Power-sector circular debt: ~Rs1.614tn (end-Mar 2026)IMF · end-Mar 2026Needs audit2 debatesCircular debt mechanism: Revenue shortfalls/losses/non-recovery → payment arrears across energy chain (Pakistan)Synthesis · PakistanNeeds auditEnergy-export competitiveness link: Energy inefficiency → higher firm costs → weaker exports → FX pressure (Pakistan)Synthesis · PakistanNeeds audit1 debateEnergy-fiscal link: Subsidies/guarantees/arrears/financing costs reduce fiscal space (Pakistan)Synthesis · PakistanNeeds auditInstalled electricity capacity: 49,651 MW (End-March FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · End-March FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedThermal share of capacity: 49.2% (End-March FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · End-March FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedRenewables share of capacity: 20.3% (End-March FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · End-March FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedElectricity generation: 92,835 GWh (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedThermal share of generation: 46.9% (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedInstalled electricity capacity (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedElectricity generation mix: Electricity generation was about 92,835 GWh: thermal 46.9%, hydel 30.1%, nuclear 18.5%, renewables 4.5%. (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedElectricity consumption by households: Households accounted for about 47.4% of electricity consumption. (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedPetroleum transport dependence: Transport accounted for about 82.5% of petroleum demand. (Jul-Mar FY2026)Pakistan Economic Survey · Jul-Mar FY2026Source named — not yet verifiedCoal consumption (FY2026 vs prior period)Pakistan Economic Survey · FY2026 vs prior periodSource named — not yet verifiedPakistan energy circular-debt reform: IMF identifies reduction of circular debt and cost-recovery tariffs as central to energy-sector viability. (2026)IMF · 2026Source named — not yet verified1 debate
Society, social change and institutions
Average household size, Pakistan (Census 2023 vs 2017): 6.33 persons in 2023, down from 6.39 in 2017 (rural 6.36, urban 6.28) (2023 (vs 2017))Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, National Census Report: 7th Population and Housing Census 2023 · 2023 (vs 2017)Source named — not yet verifiedUrban share of Pakistan's population (Census 2023): 38.88% urban in 2023, up from 36.44% in 2017 (2023 (vs 2017))Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, National Census Report: 7th Population and Housing Census 2023 · 2023 (vs 2017)Source named — not yet verified3 debatesMarital status of population aged 15+: divorced share (Census 2023): Divorced 0.35% in 2023 (0.42% in 2017); married 66.13%, never married 29.74% (2023 (vs 2017))Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, National Census Report: 7th Population and Housing Census 2023 · 2023 (vs 2017)Source named — not yet verifiedLifetime internal migrants counted in Census 2023: 13.08 million migrants; intra-provincial 65.40%, inter-provincial 30.86%, from abroad 3.74% (2023)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, National Census Report: 7th Population and Housing Census 2023 · 2023Source named — not yet verified2 debatesMedian age at first marriage, women 25-49 (PDHS 2017-18): 20.4 years, up from 19.5 years in 2012-13 (men 30-49: 25.9 years, up from 24.7) (2017-18 (vs 2012-13))NIPS and ICF, Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-18 · 2017-18 (vs 2012-13)Source named — not yet verifiedWomen married by age 18 (PDHS 2017-18): 29% of women age 25-49, down from 35% in 2012-13 (2017-18 (vs 2012-13))NIPS and ICF, Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-18 · 2017-18 (vs 2012-13)Source named — not yet verified1 debateFemale-headed households (PDHS 2017-18): 13% in 2017-18, up from 11% in 2012-13 (2017-18 (vs 2012-13))NIPS and ICF, Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-18 · 2017-18 (vs 2012-13)Source named — not yet verifiedAverage household size in survey data (PDHS 2017-18): 6.6 persons, slightly less than 6.8 in 2012-13 (rural 6.8, urban 6.3) (2017-18 (vs 2012-13))NIPS and ICF, Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-18 · 2017-18 (vs 2012-13)Source named — not yet verified1 debateFirst-cousin marriage, paternal side (PDHS 2017-18): 29% of ever-married women 15-49 married a paternal first cousin, down from 32% in 2006-07 (2017-18 (vs 2006-07))NIPS and ICF, Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-18 · 2017-18 (vs 2006-07)Source named — not yet verifiedHouseholds receiving remittances from emigrants (PDHS 2017-18): 43% of households with at least one emigrant received remittances in the preceding year (2017-18)NIPS and ICF, Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-18 · 2017-18Source named — not yet verified2 debatesWorkers registered for overseas employment, 2023 (BE&OE): 862,625 workers in 2023, up from 832,339 in 2022 (2023)Finance Division, Pakistan Economic Survey 2023-24, Ch. 12 (citing Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment) · 2023Source named — not yet verified2 debates
IMF, debt and fiscal crisis
Net official development assistance received by Pakistan: US$ 3,963,701,660.16 (current US$); US$ 1,733,554,077.15 in 2022 (2023)World Bank, World Development Indicators (DT.ODA.ODAT.CD) · 2023Source named — not yet verified1 debateNet ODA received as a share of Pakistan's GNI: 1.20% of GNI (0.47% in 2022; 0.85% in 2021) (2023)World Bank, World Development Indicators (DT.ODA.ODAT.GN.ZS) · 2023Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan's total external debt and liabilities: US$ 137,558 million (provisional); US$ 136,027 million at 30-Jun-25 (31 March 2026)State Bank of Pakistan, Pakistan's External Debt and Liabilities - Outstanding · 31 March 2026Source named — not yet verified3 debatesCreditor mix of Pakistan's long-term government external debt: Multilateral US$ 40,468 million (around 51.8%); non-Paris Club bilateral US$ 17,860 million (22.8%); Paris Club US$ 5,943 million (7.6%); Eurobonds/sukuk US$ 6,800 million (8.7%); foreign commercial banks US$ 5,850 million (7.5%) (End-March 2025 (FY2025))Finance Division, Pakistan Economic Survey 2024-25, Chapter 9 (Public Debt) · End-March 2025 (FY2025)Source named — not yet verified2 debatesExternal public debt inflows versus repayments and interest, July-March FY2025: Disbursements US$ 5,066 million; repayments US$ 5,636 million; interest payments US$ 2,660 million (July-March FY2025)Finance Division, Pakistan Economic Survey 2024-25, Chapter 9 (Public Debt) · July-March FY2025Source named — not yet verified3 debatesPledges at the Geneva conference on a climate resilient Pakistan: Commitments totaled more than USD 9 billion from both bilateral and multilateral partners (9 January 2023)United Nations, Note to Correspondents: Co-Chairs Summary, International Conference on Climate Resilient Pakistan · 9 January 2023Source named — not yet verified2 debatesPost-Disaster Needs Assessment: 2022 flood recovery needs: The PDNA estimates recovery needs at over USD 16 billion (PDNA 2022; reported 9 January 2023)United Nations, Note to Correspondents: Co-Chairs Summary, International Conference on Climate Resilient Pakistan · PDNA 2022; reported 9 January 2023Source named — not yet verified2 debatesShare of aid to Pakistan's government using country systems (Paris Declaration): 75% of aid for the government sector used country public financial management systems; 28% used country procurement systems (of USD 2 461 m disbursed) (2010)OECD, Aid Effectiveness 2011: Progress in Implementing the Paris Declaration, Appendix A, Table A.5 · 2010Source named — not yet verifiedWorld Bank evaluation of its assistance to Pakistan, FY94-FY03: Overall outcomes rated moderately unsatisfactory; unsatisfactory in poverty reduction and social sector development, governance, and revenue mobilization and expenditure management; Bank advice and lending helped avoid default on the public debt (FY1994-FY2003; published 17 February 2006)World Bank Independent Evaluation Group, Pakistan: Country Assistance Evaluation (Report No. 34942, 17 February 2006) · FY1994-FY2003; published 17 February 2006Source named — not yet verified3 debates
Democracy, constitution and parliament
Long-horizon Pakistan CPF: FY2026-35 with review around FY2030 (2025)World Bank · 2025Verified against sourceGeneral election turnout: 47.65% (2024)Election Commission of Pakistan · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedYouth share of registered voters aged 18-35: 45% (Dec 2023)Election Commission of Pakistan · Dec 2023Source named — not yet verifiedPress freedom rank: 153/180 (2026)Reporters Without Borders · 2026Source named — not yet verifiedPakistan 2024 election turnout: Overall turnout in the 2024 general election was 47.65%; 61,276,254 votes were polled from 128,585,763 registered voters. (2024)Election Commission of Pakistan · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedHistorical turnout high point: General-election turnout was 53.62% in 2013 and 51.70% in 2018, compared with 47.65% in 2024. (2013-2024)Election Commission of Pakistan · 2013-2024Source named — not yet verifiedYoung voter share: ECP reported that voters aged 18–35 comprised about 45% of registered voters, while 18–45 comprised about 67%. (2024)Election Commission of Pakistan · 2024Source named — not yet verifiedWomen voter-registration gap: The gender gap in voter registration fell from about 12% in 2017 to 7.4% in December 2024. (2017-2024)Election Commission of Pakistan · 2017-2024Source named — not yet verified
Other
China and CPEC
Chains and maps
Devolution → service delivery → local accountabilityFiscal federalism → expenditure alignment → state capacityGender inequality → unpaid care → labour exclusionGender law → implementation → outcomesWater → agriculture → climate → food securityTerrorism → geography → governance/cross-border responseStabilization → structural reform → sustainable growthHuman capital trapDemographic potential → human capital/jobs → dividendProductive jobs → poverty reduction → shock resilienceUrbanization → governance → productivityDigital connectivity → production → exportsExport integration → productivity → FX resilienceGeography → institutions → geoeconomicsCustodial justice → overcrowding → rehabilitation challengeDigitization → opportunity structures → cybercrimeCrime control → investigation → prosecution → consequenceClimate risk → economic/human-capital loss → adaptationPakistan Water SecurityPakistan IMF Structural CyclePakistan Food SecurityPakistan Climate JusticeClimate-Fiscal TrapEnergy-IMF-Export NexusConstitutional EvolutionPakistan Strategic AutonomyGreat-Power CompetitionPakistan MultilateralismHuman-Capital TrapPakistan Development System
Quotes
“Institutions are the rules of the game in a society.”Douglass North, 1990 · World Bank reproduction / NorthGovernance/institutions · pairs with 6 cards
“Climate change is a direct threat in itself, and a multiplier of many other threats.”António Guterres, 2017 · United NationsClimate-security nexus · pairs with 17 cards
“Strong human capital is essential for sustainable economic growth.”Mamta Murthi, World Bank, 2023 · World BankHuman capital and growth · pairs with 19 cards
“a human capital crisis that is profound, silent”Najy Benhassine, World Bank, 2023 · World BankPakistan human capital · pairs with 19 cards
“Pakistan needs a healthy, skilled, and resilient population”World Bank Pakistan Human Capital Review, 2023 · World BankDemographic dividend · pairs with 10 cards
“Attracting private sector investment by improving the business climate is thus the need of the hour.”Martin Raiser, World Bank, 2025 · World BankPrivate investment · pairs with 3 cards