How did Operation Bunyan-ul-Marsoos illustrate shifts in conventional military posture and nuclear deterrence dynamics between India and Pakistan? Critically evaluate the strategic, operational, and diplomatic success of Pakistan during the May 2025 Four-Day War with reference to escalation control, signaling, and crisis-stability mechanisms.

Critically analyse · 20 marks · 30 min

About 1200 words. The examiner marks against these:

• ☐ Give evidence
• ☐ Both sides
• ☐ Pakistan link

Debate: Have nuclear weapons stabilised or destabilised India–Pakistan relations?