2026
Write short notes on any TWO of the following:
(20)
Debate #16 · China and CPEC
Will the US–China power transition be peaceful or end in conflict?
This debate
All debatesAsked beforeQuestions (8)Evidence (5)PositionsSame themeIs CPEC a game changer for Pakistan's economy or an overstated promise?Is the Belt and Road Initiative economic connectivity or a strategic bid for influence?Is US Indo-Pacific strategy aimed at containing China?Asked before
- 00
- 01
- 02
- 03
- 04
- 05
- 06
- 07
- 08
- 09
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
- 14
- 15
- 16
- 17
- 18
- 19
- 20
- 21
- 22
- 23
- 24
- 25
- 26
Examiners want: China's rise, US hegemony, Thucydides trap, trade and technology war, Russia's role, scenarios for world order, policy options
The questions
2026
China currently controls the overwhelming majority of global rare earth mining and processing capacity. Analyze how this near-monopoly shapes the strategic, technological, and defense vulnerabilities of the United States and Europe. Support your discussion with relevant examples of rare earth elements and their critical applications.
(20)
2025
Write a detailed note on global power transition and emerging competition between the United States and China. Will this competition lead to a stabilising or destabilising order?
(20)
2024
Recent relationship between the US and China seems to be prey to Thucydides's trap. Can America and China escape it? Analyze it keeping in view the recent trends in international politics.
(20)
2022
The US and China have been in an on-going trade war since 2018. In academic circles, it has been argued that this conflict may as well be the Second Cold War. Critically evaluate the future world order with main actors as China, Russia and the US. (20)
(20)
2016
Examine the emerging strategic competition between China and the US and its impact on global order.
(20)
2009
The strength of Chinese economy is perceived as a threat by USA to its dwindling hegemony. What changes at policy level are required by America for harmonious relations with China?
(20)
2005
Will China become an Economic Super Power in 21st century? What should US-Policy be towards the modernization of China?
(20)
Evidence you can cite
US goods imports from China, 2025 vs 2018 peak: Imports $308,651.9 million in 2025, against $538,514.2 million in 2018 (2018 and 2025)U.S. Census Bureau, Trade in Goods with ChinaFirst Section 301 tariffs on Chinese goods announced by USTR: Additional 25 percent duty on approximately $50 billion of Chinese imports covering 1,102 tariff lines (15 June 2018)Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, press releaseThucydides Trap: rising vs ruling power cases ending in war: Twelve of 16 cases in the past 500 years ended violently (Past 500 years (Belfer Center case file))Harvard Kennedy School, Belfer Center, Thucydides's Trap projectChina's Anti-Secession Law permits non-peaceful means over Taiwan: Article 8: the state shall employ non-peaceful means and other necessary measures if secession occurs or peaceful reunification is exhausted (Adopted 14 March 2005)Anti-Secession Law of the PRC, full text, Embassy of the PRC in the USATaiwan Relations Act: US stance on coercion of Taiwan: Treats any effort to determine Taiwan's future by other than peaceful means as a threat to Western Pacific peace and of grave concern to the US (Enacted 10 April 1979 (Pub. L. 96-8))22 U.S.C. 3301, Taiwan Relations Act, via Cornell Law School LII
Positions and chains
“For” argues: The US–China power transition can remain peaceful, managed through economic interdependence and shared institutions rather than war.
For · thesisThe US–China transition can stay peaceful because deep trade, an incomplete shift in power and limited declared aims raise the cost of war and lower its urgency.
◆ Claim StrongDeep two-way trade gives both powers a large material stake in avoiding war.
→ WarrantWith US exports to China of $143,271.7 million and imports of $440,319.4 million in 2024, war would sever trade both economies depend on, so interdependence raises the cost of conflict.
✦ PakistanA trade-based peace suits Pakistan, which gains when the two powers compete through markets rather than force and it is not asked to pick a camp.
◆ Claim ModerateHistory shows power transitions often end in war but not always, so the Thucydides trap is a risk, not a law.
→ WarrantOf 16 rising-versus-ruling power cases in 500 years, four stayed peaceful; transitions can be managed when both sides choose accommodation over preventive war.
✦ PakistanPakistan's diplomacy can draw on this record to argue in forums for restraint, since a peaceful transition is historically possible.
◆ Claim ModerateEconomic connectivity links growth, trade and stability, giving states a material stake in avoiding conflict.
▲ EvidenceADB Pakistan Economic Corridors Programme links connectivity investment with growth, employment, regional trade and stabADBCAREC connects Pakistan roads with regional corridors linking China, Afghanistan and Central Asia to Arabian Sea.ADB
→ WarrantProgrammes that tie connectivity investment to growth, employment and regional trade create shared gains that conflict would destroy, a stake in stability that applies to great powers too.
✦ PakistanPakistan's corridors link it to China, Afghanistan and Central Asia, so a peaceful transition protects the regional trade gains it is counting on.
◆ Claim ContestedWashington's stated aim is to shape China's environment, not to change its regime, which leaves room for coexistence.
→ WarrantThe 2022 Indo-Pacific Strategy rejects changing the PRC itself; a rival that does not seek regime change offers the other side a stake in the existing order rather than an existential threat.
✦ PakistanLimited US aims reduce pressure on partners such as Pakistan to join a containment bloc against China.
✕ Strongest counterInterdependence is eroding: US imports from China fell from $538,514.2 million in 2018 to $308,651.9 million in 2025 after the trade war, so the economic brake on conflict is weakening just as the power gap narrows.US goods imports from China, 2025 vs 2018 peak: Imports $308,651.9 million in 2025, against $538,514.2 million in 2018 (2018 and 2025)U.S. Census Bureau, Trade in Goods with ChinaFirst Section 301 tariffs on Chinese goods announced by USTR: Additional 25 percent duty on approximately $50 billion of Chinese imports covering 1,102 tariff lines (15 June 2018)Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, press release
↺ RebuttalTrade has shrunk but remains vast, with a 2024 balance of -$297,047.7 million showing deep ties; decoupling is partial, and the four peaceful historical cases show managed transitions are possible.US goods trade balance with China: Exports $143,271.7 million; imports $440,319.4 million; balance -$297,047.7 million (2024)U.S. Census Bureau, Trade in Goods with ChinaThucydides Trap: rising vs ruling power cases ending in war: Twelve of 16 cases in the past 500 years ended violently (Past 500 years (Belfer Center case file))Harvard Kennedy School, Belfer Center, Thucydides's Trap project
Way forwardBoth powers should ring-fence trade from security disputes, keep crisis channels open over Taiwan, and avoid steps that turn economic rivalry into regime-change fears.
Terms to define
Power transition: a rising state approaching a dominant one in capability. Thucydides trap: the risk of war in such a shift. Hedging: cooperating with rival powers without full alignment to either.
Theories that help (3)
- Power transition theory: War is most likely when a dissatisfied rising power nears parity with the dominant power and the existing order offers it no peaceful path upward. Serves “Rivalry hardens”.
- Liberal institutionalism: Interdependence and institutions lower the gains from war and create repeated bargaining, making cooperation between rivals possible. Serves “Managed rivalry”.
- Hedging: Smaller states mix cooperation and caution toward rival powers to keep options open and avoid dependence on either. Serves “Competitive coexistence”.
Drafted by Claude from the evidence bank; not reviewed. Every chain cites the bank or the timeline; figures appear only as the source gives them.
News about this debate watches for: thucydides trap, us-china trade war, tariffs, rare earths, semiconductor export controls, taiwan, new cold war, xi jinping, washington, beijing, decoupling, power transition.