Causal chain · Gender Studies · Economics
Gender inequality → unpaid care → labour exclusion
- Gender inequality
- unpaid care
- labour exclusion
Core logic: Care burden and labour institutions constrain women's participation.
Evidence in this chain
Female labour-force participation (19th ICLS): 22.7% (2024-25)Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Labour Force Survey 2024-25Women in Pakistan earn about 25% less per hour than men in the ILO analysis. (2025)ILO117.4m people in Pakistan engage in unpaid care/domestic work, including 66.7m women. (2025)ILOGlobally, 708m women were outside the labour force because of unpaid care responsibilities in 2023. (2023)ILOUN Women reports 77.8% on the SDG gender legal-framework indicator; women held 20.47% of parliamentary seats and 5.71% o (2024)UN WomenWomen aged 10+ spend 19.86% of time on unpaid domestic/care work versus 1.81% for men.UN WomenUN Women reports 37m active women-owned bank accounts in Pakistan 2025 results. (2025)UN Women