Economics, Paper II

Evaluate how corruption, rent-seeking, and weak regulatory frameworks distort economic incentives in Pakistan. Illustrate with examples how these distortions affect investment climate, tax collection, and public expenditure efficiency.

Describe major changes in Pakistan's agricultural policies from 1950 to the present. How have land reforms, Green Revolution strategies, and rural development programmes shaped agricultural growth and inequality?

Explain the evolution of industrial policy in Pakistan. Discuss nationalisation, the rise of development finance institutions, and the shift towards export-led growth, evaluating their impact on industrial performance.

Analyse how Pakistan's export structure, import dependence, and foreign aid flows affect its long-term economic development. What policy changes are needed to reduce external vulnerability?

Critically examine the unemployment situation in Pakistan. Why has the unemployment rate remained high despite various policy initiatives? Discuss with evidence and provide recommendations.

Climate change has become a macro development challenge for countries like Pakistan. Explain how environmental degradation affects economic growth, poverty, and long-term productivity. Suggest policy options that align environmental sustainability with development objectives.

Write short notes on any TWO of the following: