English (Précis & Composition)

Write a précis of the following and suggest a suitable title: The fear of human beings when faced with the mysteries of life and their weakness by comparison with the vastness of nature created in them a need to communicate with the divine, with the superior powers which they believed regulated the universe and determined their own fates. Knowledge of wishes of the gods was always a sure guide for human behavior. In ancient Greece, the precise nature of these wishes was 'decoded' by the art of giving oracles, practiced by soothsayers who had the gift of understanding the signs or signals sent by the gods. The soothsayers uttered their oracles by interpreting flashes of lightening, rolls of thunder or the flights of certain birds of prey (omens); alternatively, they might observe the direction in which the fire burned when a sacrifice was made, examine the entrails of animals which had just been sacrificed, or base judgments on the sacrificial beast's willingness to approach the altar. The interpretation of dreams was popular too, and so was palmistry. The most notable soothsayers of ancient Greece were Tiresias, Calchas, Helenus, Amphiaraus and Cassandra. However, there were abundant instances in which the gods did not manifest themselves to the faithful in the forms of signs but spoke directly to an intermediate who for a short time was overcome by a 'divine mania' and transcended his own human essence. Here the prophet- or more usually the prophetess- entered a state of ecstasy in which he or she delivered the message from the gods to the suppliants. These practices for foreseeing the future were the basis on which the ancient Greek oracles operated. Each oracle was located within a properly-organized sanctuary and was directly associated with one or other of the gods. Apollo was the archetypal soothsayer for the Greeks, the god who was responsible for conveying to mortals the decisions pronounced by Zeus. The most important of all the oracles, that at the Delphi, delivered the messages with the intervention of Apollo, while the oldest that of Dodona, functioned with the assistance of Zeus.

Correct only FIVE of the following:

Use only FIVE pairs of words in sentences clearly illustrating their meanings.

Translate the following into English by keeping in view figurative/idiomatic expressions: ہر دور اپنے ساتھ بہت سے ایسے معاملات بھی لے کر آتا ہے جو کسی کی پسند کے نہیں ہوتے مگر انہیں قبول کرناہی پڑتا ہے۔ بعض اوقات ایسا بھی ہوتا ہے کہ قدرت شاید ہمیں آزمانے کی خاطر ایسا بہت کچھ ہمارے سامنے رکھتی ہے جو ہمارے مطلب کا نہیں ہو تا بلکہ اس سے ہمارا کوئی تعلق ہی نہیں ہوتا مگر پھر بھی اسے زندگی کا حصہ بناتے ہوئے چلنا پڑتا ہے ۔ آج بھی ایسا ہی چل رہا ہے ۔ ہر صدی اپنے ساتھ ایسی تبدیلیاں لاتی رہی ہے جو گزشتہ صدیوں کے مقابلے میں بالکل نئی تھیں ۔ فطری علوم و فنون کی ترقی نے انسان کو ایسا بہت کچھ دیا ہے جسے علمی و معاشی عمل کا کچرا قرار دیا جا سکتا ہے۔ قدرت ہمیں پھل دیتی ہے تو ساتھ ہی ساتھ اس بات کا بھی پابند کرتی ہے کہ اس کے چھلکوں کو ڈھنگ سے ٹھکانے لگائیں۔ اگر ایسا نہ کیا جائے تو ماحول کی غلاظت بڑھتی ہے