Chemistry, Paper I

Faraday ( F ) of charge, the charge transported by the cation ( q + q_+ q + ​ ) is: q + = l ⋅ a ⋅ C ⋅ F q_+ = l \cdot a \cdot C \cdot F q + ​ = l ⋅ a ⋅ C ⋅ F The total quantity of electricity passed ( $Q$ ) through the circuit is: Q = I $Q = I \cdot t$ By definition, the transference number of the cation ( t + t_+ t + ​ ) is the fraction of total current carried by that ion: t + = q + Q = l ⋅ a ⋅ C ⋅ F I ⋅ t t_+ = \frac{q_+}{Q} = \frac{l \cdot a \cdot C \cdot F}{I \cdot t} t + ​ = Q q + ​ ​ = I ⋅ t l ⋅ a ⋅ C ⋅ F ​ For the anion ( t − t_- t − ​ ), the relation is t − = 1 − t + t_- = 1 - t_+ t − ​ = 1 − t + ​ . This method yields highly precise transport numbers without the concentration perturbation errors common to Hittorf's method. Or 5c Write a note on concentration cells.

Explain with suitable examples the difference between electrochemical cell and electrolytic cell?

K → K 3 ​ C 60 ​ Or 7c Discuss chemistry of Hard and Soft water.

How do buffers resist changes in pH? Write any two applications of buffers in Chemistry?

Explain the terms Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy of a reaction. What is the relationship between these terms?

Explain the terms spontaneous and non-spontaneous reactions with suitable examples.

Describe main features of crystal field theory, How this theory explains colour of coordination complexes?

Write an essay on the Oxides of Nitrogen and Environmental Pollution.